Genetics and Genomics Essay

1. One longanimous has a grade I neoplasm of the lung, go another patient has a grade IV neoplasm of the lung. Explain how tumours in various grades atomic number 18 similar and how they differ. (1 touch) Both symbolise I and st develop IV lung crabby person is perplexed with cellular differentiation, loss of pattern tissue structure, as well as irregular size and stamp of the nucleus. Normal cells argon able to divide and die bearcer cells argon pile up on top of each other forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on evaluation of size of the tumor, leg of invasion extent of spread and differentiation of cells. Stage I lung cancer is a tumor less than 3cm ,has no evidence of invasion, well differentiated, whereas stage IV tends to be least differentiated have most anaplasia, can be any size and have spread to other organs. The coincidence sometimes noted in symptoms that patient is demoing with. Two patients may present with same symptoms and have c ardinal different stages. However the survival count is the same regardless of stage.2. If a patient has breast cancer, how would angiogenesis and invasion twist tumor growth and metastasis? (1 point) Angiogenesis is a physiological process of breaching crude blood vessels. This common process is not only supplying the normal cells but also nourishes the cancer cells. Small cancers are unable to develop new blood vessels, however larger cancers can. The process of invasion occurs among the beginning of the event and development of obvious tumor, some mutated cells die while others reproduce. The tumor at this point continues to grow and reproduce. Breasts tissue is very vascular and very close located to lymph nodes. Cells break off from the original tumor and travel through the lymphatic system and blood stream, to the other organs where they produce secondary tumors.Chapter 143. Compare and contrast the kind and parasympathetic aflutter system skittish systems. (0.75 poi nt) Sympathetic nervous system originates in a spinal cord. The small neurons enter the ganglia near the cord, the ganglia forms a chain that spreads the impulse to neurons (postganglionic) which are responsible for reaching many organs and glands. Physiologic effects of sympathetic nervous system is vasoconstriction, elevated blood squeeze, increase stub set out and contractility, increased respiratory rate, sufficient amount of blood flow to squandered muscularity, smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs, stomach, and urinary tract, sphincter contractions, dilated pupils and ciliary muscle relaxation, increased sweat gland secretion and reduced pancreatic secretions. parasympathetic nervous system contrasts in the place of its origin, as it originates from central nervous system through cranial nerves from mid disposition and medulla.After exit the CNS the long preganglionic fibers fiber of each parasympathetic nerve travels to a ganglion near a particular organ or gland, and the short postganglionic fibers enter the organ or gland. The sympathetic has opposite order. With parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure heart rate respirations are thrifty at low levels, GI tract is active after meal, pupils constricted. These two systems compensate each others activities.3. A patient has increased intracranial pressure of 30 mmHg caused by a massive closed in(p) head wounding. Explain the process of increasing intracranial pressure, and discuss manageable complications if the pressure is not decreased. (1 point) With closed head injury, external lastingness is utilise to the head and brain causing a disturbance of physiologic constancy. The injury has an impact on brains compensatory mechanisms by overwhelming them to the point where they became no longer effective. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. As increased intracranial pressure continues to rise, leading to increased cerebral blood flow which it causes venous congestion. This adds more increase to intracranial pressure, which at this point causes cellular hypoxia. As cellular hypoxia occurs brain death is imminent.4. Two singles come to the emergency subdivision with head injuries. A 25 old age old, has just been in a labour vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporal lobe injury. The other, 65 years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened earlier in the week. How could you clinically differentiate between the individual with the extradural hematoma and the individual with the subdural hematoma? Which one of these individuals requires precession surgical treatment? (1 point)To clinically distinguish between these two injuries it is vital to understand the location of the injury, age of the individual, and extent of the injury. In this case the 25 year-old individual post motor vehicle accident has suffered extradural hematoma. The impact of the accident has caused blunt force trauma to head, which caused a rupture of meningeal artery. Arte ries are generally are larger and bleed quicker, which predisposes this individual for quick blood loss. Irregular heart beat and breathing can lead to coma. The 65 year-old individual that has suffered a fall is presenting with subdural hematoma which involves veins, runing of the veins causes them to tear and bleed. However since this patient is older and in older individuals brain cells die and brain shrinks at that place is more space in a brain so the veins stretch under low pressure and dont bleed as fast. As this condition can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to herniation of the brain it definitely requires immediate intervention. Nevertheless the priority surgical treatment will be the individual with extradural hematoma due to increased risk of bleeding.Chapter 196. What conditions must be present for a diagnosis of Reye syndrome? (0.25 point)Reye syndrome is believed to be caused by Influenza A, B, and chicken pox. acetylsalicylic acid also should be avoi ded with children as it may cause Reye syndrome. Some studies notify genetic predisposition to Reye syndrome. Some of the conditions that must be existent with this complaint are persistent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and effects memory function. Reye syndrome affects temporal lobe of the brain where memory is stored. The encephalopathy is caused by liver depositing lipids. While looking at physiologic symptoms, the cerebrospinal fluid is obtain, and will likely be unconditional for leukocyte. Treatments depend on the extent of the illness.