Critical Analysis of Mrs. Mallards Emotions in The Story...

Write a critical analysis of any aspect of The Story of an Hour which you found of interest and significance. Kate Chopins `The Story of an Hour is a short yet complex piece describing the feelings of Mrs Mallard. This story is overflowing with symbolism and imagery. The most prominent theme here is the longing for freedom. Chopin focuses on unfolding the emotional state of Mrs Mallard which can be separated into three stages: quickly moving to grief, through a sense of newfound freedom, and finally into the despair of the loss of that freedom. `The Story of an Hour was written in the nineteenth century and during this time highly restrictive gender roles forbade women to live as they saw fit. Kate Chopin presents in her story,†¦show more content†¦When she goes in her room alone, she unveils her true emotions. The setting shows comfort and indicates that she feels safe. The open window symbolises her new beginning and she fills her mind with fantasies of freedom. She would have no one follow her indicates that she had only her room to retreat to and it is from this place that she is able to look out at the world. The metaphor delicious breath of rain, the peddler, a distant song and the sparrows are all symbolical of spring which represents new hope for a better life for Mrs Mallard. Mrs Mallards awkward attitude after learning of her husbands death establishes an irony- somebody who is really happy in marriage will not enjoy nature in peace and have mixed emotions; the person will feel genuine grief upon hearing of the death of her husband. Here, Mrs Mallards reaction portrays the extent to which her thirst for freedom was strong. Kate Chopin allows us to visualise the moment that Mrs Mallard is able to shed the bondage of marriage: free, free, free!. She feels liberated through her husbands death. Much emphasis is laid on her joy upon finding freedom- there would be no one to live for. The author also points out that she knew that she would weep again.....folded in death. This only highlights the fact that it is not an expression of love but seems more like a duty thatShow MoreRelatedLiterary Perspectives1379 Words   |  6 Pagesconfines of the text itself. Poetry, in particular, as well as drama and fiction lend themselves well as genres to the â€Å"close reading† involved in the formalist technique. Formalists might approach Kate Chopin’s â€Å" The Story of an Hour†(15) by analyzing the ironic ending of the story. Mrs. Mallard suddenly dies of a heart attack, not because her husband has died in a horrific train crash but because she has learned that he is very much alive. The disparate nature between what is expected to transpireRead MoreThe Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is very intriguing, not only because of the emotional change Louise Mallard goes through the hour after her husband’s tragic death but also the way Chopin uses irony in the story. During this analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we will discuss the summary, plot, setting, tone, theme, point of view, emotions of Louise Mallard and other characters involved in the story. Chopin’s story uses the feelings of a married womanRead MoreLiterary Criticism of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1338 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Criticism and the Story of an Hour Literary criticism gives the reader the tools to see literature in new ways. Each type focuses on different components of the story and asks the reader to examine a given text for ques. When an analysis is performed in a given critical style, a whole new perspective of the text becomes available. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour is an account of a marriage in the late 19th century. Mrs. Louise Mallard is identified by her marriage and she allows herselfRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreResearch Paper on Kate Chopin and Her Works2380 Words   |  10 Pagesher novel, The Awakening, published in 1899. After its publication, The Awakening created such uproar that its author was alienated from certain social circles in St. Louis. The novel also contributed to rejections of Chopins later stories including, The Story of An Hour and The Storm. The heavy criticism that she endured for the novel hindered her writing. The male dominated world was simply not ready for such an honest exploration of female independence, a frank cataloguing of a womans desiresRead MoreChopin VS Thurber and Relationships2545 Words   |  11 PagesIn the stories â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber (Clugston, sec. h1.1) and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin (Clugston, sec. h2.1) escapism is a similar theme with in both these stories, yet there is a slight variance in how each of these authors p lace these characters into their escape from reality, relationships, and everyday chaos. In each of these stories the author shows the characters escaping the realities of the relationship, one through Walter Mitts’ daydreams, and theRead MoreNineteenth Century Gender Roles Exposed in The Necklace and The Story of an Hour2020 Words   |  9 PagesThe Necklace and The story of an hour represents gender roles as defined by the nineteenth century society guidelines . The The Story of an Hour was set in the late nineteenth century in the home of Louise Mallard.(Kate Chopin).It was written on April 19, 1894,by Kate Chopin. The theme Many also focus on women revolt against conformity, often against gender conformity or against social norms that limit omens possibilities in life. (Emmert, Scott ) The story was first titled The

The Shape Memory Effect And Super Elasticity - 2345 Words

INTRODUCTION The Shape Memory Alloys are quite fascinating materials characterised by a Shape Memory effect and Super-elasticity, which ordinary metals and alloys do not have. This unique behaviour was first found in Au-47.5%Cd alloy in 1951, and was publicised by its discovery in a Ti-Ni alloy in 1963. After much research and development thereafter, shape memory alloys are now being practically used as new functional alloys for pipe couplings, antennae for cellular phones and various actuators in electrical appliances, etc. Furthermore, they have attracted keen attention as promising candidate for smart materials since they function as sensors as well as actuators. The shape memory effect and super-elasticity are based on the diffusion less transformation called martensitic transformation. The Shape memory effect is a unique property of certain alloys exhibiting martensitic transformations. Even though the alloy is deformed in low temperature phase, it recovers its original shape by reverse transformation upon heating to a critical temperature called reverse transformation temperature. Many other alloys such as In-T1, 3, 4 Cu-Zn and Cu-Al-Ni were also found. The same alloys have another unique property called Super-elasticity at a higher temperature, which is associated with a large (18%) nonlinear recoverable strain upon loading and unloading. Since these alloys have a unique property in remembering the original shape, having an actuator function and havingShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Shape Memory Alloy Properties1427 Words   |  6 PagesOF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN INTELLIGENT REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (IRCS) 7 2.1. Concept of IRCs 7 2.2. Important Shape Memory Alloy Properties Applied in IRC 7 2.2.1. Shape Memory Effect 7 2.2.2 Thermal Actuation Ability 7 2.2.3 Damping 7 2.3. Experimental Approach 7 2.3.1. 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The core category identified wasRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesrest of the McDonald’s system. The Chicken McGrill had a grilled chicken patty topped with onions and mint sauce, to give it an Indian flavour. The Veg Pizza was a takeoff on the popular Indian samosa (potato-based curry puff) with differences in shape (rectangular) and stuffing (capsicum, onions and Mozarella cheese with tomato sauce). In keeping with the low pricing strategy in India, these items were priced at Rs 25 and Rs 16, respectively. With its value pricing and localised menu, McDonald’s

Development Administration Essay Sample free essay sample

The term development has multidimensional significance. Generally it means betterment. alteration. expansion. enlargement. addition. growing. rating. betterment etc. Development in the context of development disposal refers to the bunch of political relations and procedure through which the low income states strive to accomplish a higher degree of growing taking to a higher criterion of life for their people. Development has been perceived in different ways by bookmans of different subjects like ‘Modernization’ . ‘Industrialization’ . ‘Economic development’ . ‘political development’ . ‘Social development’ . etc. Economist argue that economic development is the basic index measured through the GDP distribution per capita. whereas politicians think that a society is developed where there is political freedom with confidence of basic necessities of life and the behaviourists believe socio-cultural development is developmen t where its promotional chance exists. In contrast development should run into the basic demands of human being with increasing rate of comfort. life installations and good quality of nutrient. conveyance and communicating. instruction. wellness attention and hygiene installations etc. In a society there are assorted establishment and organisation constitute assorted sector which help to increase the development of any state particularly a underdeveloped state or state like Bangladesh. The NGOs are one of them. Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have become quite outstanding in the field of both national and international development in recent decennaries. The World Bank. for illustration. defines NGOs as â€Å"private organisations that pursue activities to alleviate agony. advance the involvements of the hapless. protect the environment. supply basic societal services. or undertake community development. † A World Bank Key Document. Working with NGOs. adds. â€Å"In wider use. the term NGO can be applied to any non-profit organisation which is independent from authorities. However From its birth as an independent state in 1971. Bangladesh became a site for Non Government Organisations. Initially focused on alleviation and rehabilitation activities following the War of Liberation and wining natural catastrophes. International and local NGOs turned their attempts to longer term development in the absence of province capacity to present public assistance. Both the national and international NGOs of our state have long old ages of experience in supplying wellness and household planning. adult females development. making employment coevals. giving recognition. mobilisation to aim group. capacity edifice in planning and direction. income gaining trough endeavor development etc services at grassroots degree and besides have had collaborative plan with authorities for infrastructural development of the state. The Concept of NGO: A non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) is a lawfully constituted organisation created by natural or legal individuals that operates independently from any signifier of authorities. The term originated from the United Nations ( UN ) . and is usually used to mention to organisations that are non a portion of the authorities and are non conventional for-profit concern. In the instances in which NGOs are funded wholly or partly by authoritiess. the NGO maintains its non-governmental position by excepting authorities representatives from rank in the organisation. The term is normally applied merely to organisations that pursue wider societal purposes that have political facets. but are non openly political organisations such as political parties. NGO or non governmental organisation believe in the voluntarism rule of development which province that people are the primary and ultimate beginning of any wealth whatsoever. The major development plans of the NGOs are. hence undertaken for the people. These organisations provide chance to the people in order to form themselves for self-defense. self-help. autonomy and development. In the most simple sense the term ‘NGO’ refers to any voluntary non-profit bureau involved in the field of development cooperation or in instruction and policy protagonism activities. OECD defined NGOs as organisations that are established and governed by a group of private citizen’s stated philanthropic intent and supported by voluntary single part. Others define NGOs as establishments outside the public and private sectors whose ends are chiefly value-driven ( human-centered or concerted ) instead than profit-driven. In Asiatic Institution of Technology. the NGO workshop highlighted on assorted definition of NGO such as: * It is an organisation of private persons who believe in certain basic societal rules. and construction their activities to convey approximately development to the communities that they are functioning. * An indepe ndent. democratic organisation working for the authorization of economically and/ or socially marginalized groups. * An organisation non affiliated to political parties. by and large engaged in working for the development and public assistance of the community. * A non-profit. voluntary. service-oriented/development-oriented organisation for the benefit of the hapless. So. the term NGO includes all those non net income organisations which are involved in assorted development activities with the aim of the relieving poorness of the rural and urban hapless. Professor of anthropology. Richard Robbins. in his book. Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism ( Allyn and Bacon. 2002. Second Edition ) . suggests a few grounds why NGOs have become progressively of import in the past decennary or so. Amongst them ( from pp. 128 to 129 ) : 1. The terminal of the Cold War made it easier for NGOs to run 2. Communications progresss. particularly the Internet. have helped make new planetary communities and bonds between like-minded people across province boundaries 3. Increased resources. turning profession alism and more employment chances in NGOs 4. The media’s ability to inform more people about planetary jobs leads to increased consciousness where the populace may demand that their authoritiess take action of some sort. 5. Possibly most of import. Robbins suggests. is that some believe NGOs have developed as portion of a larger. neoliberal economic and political docket. Shifts in economic and political political orientation have lent to increasing support of NGOs from authoritiess and official assistance bureaus in response. NGOs have. since the terminal of the Second World War. go progressively more of import to planetary development. They frequently hold an interesting function in a nation’s political. economic or societal activities. every bit good as assessing and turn toing jobs in both national and international issues. such as human. political and women’s rights. economic development. democratization. vaccination and immunization. wellness attention. or the environment. However. in the underdeveloped universe. the function of NGOs is frequently critical. In old ages of drouth or dearth. the non-governmental administrations have been polar in supplying nutrient to those most marginalised. NGOs frequently provide indispensable services in the underdeveloped universe that in developed states governmental bureaus or establishments would supply. Normally. NGOs provide services that are in line with current incumbent governmental policy. moving as a subscriber to economic development. indispensable services. employment and the budget. In a wider attack. NGOs are besides the beginning and Centre of societal justness to the marginalised members of society in developing states or failed provinces. NGOs are frequently left as the lone 1s that defend or promote the economic demands and demands for developing provinces. frequently conveying instances to the International Monetary Fund. World Trade Organisation and World Bank. Developing states and NGOs frequent ly find Alliess in one another when opposing statute law. economic footings or understandings from planetary establishments. Emergence of NGO in Bangladesh: The 1970s can be considered a period of outgrowth of NGOs in the development Landscape of Bangladesh. spread outing the focal point of NGO services. aiming NGO activities on the hapless and the disadvantaged. experimenting with new thoughts and programmes. and besides consolidating and organizing NGO activities. The outgrowth of NGOs in Bangladesh began merely after the lay waste toing cyclone that occurred in 1971 and after the war of release. Before independency. few international voluntary organisations such as CARE. CRS and the Society of Friends ( Religious society of friendss ) were working in Bangladesh. Their activities were limited to exigency aid and alleviation work. During the period between 1973 and 1976. NGOs diverted their attending to â€Å"developing integrated Community Development Programmes† integrating a figure of basic sectoral activities. These activities include agribusiness. piscaries. farm animal. wellness and household planning and instruction concen trating on grownup instruction. This was a period of experimentation and larning from test and mistake. taking to the development of ends for the hereafter. Gradually the figure of NGOs proliferated and their activities expanded in different parts of the state. NGO organisers felt the demand for a common platform to organize their activities and besides to move as an agent to join forces and keep affair with authorities and givers. So in the twelvemonth 1974. the Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh ( ADAB ) was established to supply a forum to ease exchange of positions and experience and to avoid duplicate of activities through proper coordination ( Huda 1987:3 ) . The constitution of ADAB as a networking organisation of NGOs was important for three grounds: ? It provided a common forum for the NGOs to run into. discourse. and decide jobs in carry oning activities in different parts of Bangladesh. ? It acted as an of import participant ( erstwhile go-between ) in keeping a congenial ambiance in GO-NG O dealingss and besides whenever necessary taking up issues related to NGO activities with authorities. ? Government engaged ADAB in exigency alleviation and rehabilitation activities at times of natural catastrophe. During the 1990s the NGO sector in Bangladesh grew quickly. NGOs developed concern schemes to both provide mercantile establishment for beneficiaries’ green goods and to present goods and services to their ‘target groups’ . Local income has become progressively of import in schemes for sustainability of the organisations and the callings of their employees. The formation of the Palli Karma Shahyak Foundation ( PKSF ) which acts as recognition jobber to the MFIs drastically changed the NGO activity infinite. The operations of PKSF besides encouragedmany new MFIs to come up within smaller geographical districts and all such organisations are normally included under the umbrella of NGOs. The 2nd major move came with the bringing of microcredit. which turned many NGOs into apex organic structures of big webs of little groups spread over parts or the whole of the countryside. These MF-NGOs may good be regarded as quasi-private sector fiscal enterprisers expecting a proper legal model. The web created in the procedure of presenting recognition and other services created the footing for a 3rd sort of entrepreneurship. which is rooted in more expressed commercial motivations. Typology of NGO in Bangladesh: One manner of categorising NGOs is by their location and size. An of import characteristic of NGOs in Bangladesh is the being of a big figure of little and regional NGOs side by side with big national NGOs that cover the state. Local NGOs are little. They usually operate in one Upazila consisting several Unions and small towns. They have little budgets and carry on their activities subject to the handiness of financess. Typically. they undertake activities associating to literacy. income coevals through recognition programmes. domestic fowl. kitchen horticulture. afforestation etc. Some local organisations are besides engaged in socio-cultural activities. There are no exact figures about the figure of local NGOs and voluntary organisations. but â€Å"There are an estimated 2. 000 development NGOs in Bangladesh. Most NGOs in Bangladesh are little. and have limited managerial and staff capacity. Regional NGOs are average sized and run in a limited country consisting several Upazilas i n a few territories. They receive financess from assorted DPs and INGOs and besides act as spouses of big national Nongovernmental organization: for illustration more than 200 little NGOs work as spouses in the BRAC Education Support Programme. Some illustrations of regional NGOs are. Village Education and Resource Center ( VERC ) . Gono Unnyan Prochesta ( GUP ) . Gono Kallyan Trust ( GKT ) . Association of Community Development ( ACD ) . Ashriyan and Uddipan. There are many illustrations of regional NGOs going national NGOs. widening their programmes to several territories and a big figure of Upazilas. Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Songha ( TMSS ) . Buro Tangail and Gonoshyssatra Kendra ( GK ) autumn into this class. Regional NGOs tend to be stable and by and big have regular beginnings of fund. National NGOs are big and work in about all territories of Bangladesh. They get big sums of money from a figure of givers. Some national NGOs are supported by donor pool who mobilize financess for different activities. Presently a group of 10 big Bangladesh NGOs dominates the NGO scene in Bangladesh. These include BRAC. ASA. Proshika. RDRS. CARITAS. TMSS. CCDB. Buro Tangail. HEED. FIVDB and Nizera Kori. International NGOs ( INGOs ) large ly derive their resources from their state of beginning. The NGO Affairs Bureau identified 147 registered foreign NGOs in Bangladesh. The Functions of NGOs in Bangladesh: NGOs in Bangladesh are involved in legion activities from basic service proviso to protagonism. human rights and administration. NGOs are rather successful in many of these countries and are known for their advanced attacks. The maps of NGOs in Bangladesh are described bellow: Entree to Credit for Poor and People in Distant Areas NGOs in Bangladesh have played a really important function in opening up entree to recognition for the hapless and people in distant countries. Traditional banking had failed to make the hapless since ownership of collateral was a requirement for holding entree to bank recognition. One corollary of collateral -based loaning patterns was that the hapless were non bankable. The NGOs in Bangladesh and the Grameen Bank. established. to the contrary. that it is really much feasible to impart to the hapless and guarantee good recovery rate. and that such loaning did non necessitate collateral in the signifier of touchable assets. In the procedure. a new attack to banking has gained planetary acknowledgment. and its efficaciousness in turn toing demands of the hapless is widely acknowledged. In the Health sector The engagement of NGOs in the execution of big giver funded wellness undertakings has shown a important addition in recent old ages. The HPSP. HNSP. UPHCP. HIV/AIDS bar and Care and Tuberculosis Control are a few major illustrations of these undertakings. where particular undertaking mechanisms are created for the engagement of NGOs in the execution procedure. The comparative advantages of NGOs over authorities. as these are claimed in the literature. can be summarized as follows ? NGOs have a base at grassroots degree and have better cognition of the community ; ? NGOs has web all over the state to function all sections of the population. ? NGOs have a big figure of karmis with entree to the pelt flung countries of the state ; ? NGOs have developed good expertness in the bringing of PHC and besides in certain other countries which include TB. Hansens disease. immunisation. household be aftering etc. ? NGOs are advanced in associating wellness services with recognition and other serv ices. ? NGOs are effectual in preparation. developing BCC and IEC stuffs which have an impact on wellness service proviso. ? NGOs are comparatively efficient in the use of financess. ? NGOs are more advanced in guaranting engagement. gender equality and answerability. ? NGOs’ wellness service proviso is less bureaucratic and efficient. ? NGO services are low-cost and within range of the hapless. NGOs have already made singular part in state broad immunisation plan and besides on the agencies of handling diarrhoea through homemade ORS. Family be afteringMost of the NGOs are involved in motivational activities and distribution of preventive at the community degree while a few have focused on generative wellness attention and surgical preventive services. Women Development In order to develop the socio-economic status of the adult females the NGOs accent on adult females development. The focal point on adult females and group formation among NGO/MFIs are closely related – habitue group meetings and interactions in a non-kinship based infinite consequences in of import empowerment impact for the members. The really act of acquiring adult females who were so far excluded from the public sphere to organize groups. run into on a regular basis. chant mottos and interact with ( most frequently male ) foreigners. all done in a manner that emphasized the value of the adult females as holding an individuality independent from their male defenders. was radical. These Acts of the Apostless had far-reaching impacts in conveying about new ways of perceiving of the ego. muliebrity and associating to assorted battles in the kingdom of the economic. societal and political spheres. Education The NGOs have concentrated their attempts on eliminating illiteracy through functional instruction for both work forces and adult females. They have peculiarly been working on children’s instruction plans. As a human resort development scheme the NGO provide non formal primary instruction to the mark kids where the bulk are misss. Sanitation NGOs played an of import function in the preparation of the first National Sanitation Strategy ( NSS ) which was launched by the Local Government Division ( LGD ) of the Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Cooperatives in 2005. This brought sanitation. which was so long an unmarked public policy issue. to the centre-stage of both the public wellness and the development sphere. The procedure of fixing and finalising the National Sanitation Strategy 2005 was a long and backbreaking one. affecting many different stakeholders at the macro degree. The NSS is an result of protagonism. lobbying. persuasion. policy duologue and audience between NGOs. givers. authorities functionaries. academicians and members of civil society. Water Aid Bangladesh ( WAB ) played a prima function in this procedure by forming different activities and fiscal support. and besides in the publication of the scheme ( Discussion based on Water Aid certification and advice ) . Employment Coevals The NGOs expand the chance of employment coevals through little trading. rickshaw drawing. and mulberry plantation for adult females. etc. Enterprise Development The chance of income earning of the hapless are expanded by NGOs trough endeavor development such as societal forestry. fish civilization. and weaving. domestic fowl and farm animal raising. Development of Appropriate Irrigation Technology With a position to reacting to the demands of the little and fringy husbandmans and besides to advance harvest variegation. NGOs develop low cost irrigation engineerings through research and experiment. For case the Rangpur Dinazpur Rural Services developed the treadle pump and a bamboo tubing good ; the Mennonite Central commission developed the Rower pump etc. From such enterprises there are presently more than 13. 000 such engineerings in operation in the state. Environment In the recent yearss Bangladesh is considered to be an environmentally endangered part. The major environmental jobs in Bangladesh include deforestation. desertification and harm to the familial a aquatic environment. The NGOs undertake assorted plans to battle deforestation and to better the conditions of deforestation. Urban and Rural Development For urban and rural development. the NGOs expand their activities through substructure development. slum development. low-priced lodging. nutrient for works plan. building and Reconstruction of roads. span and culverts etc. Thus the NGOs of Bangladesh supply different type of services for the development of the state. The Role of NGOs in Bangladesh: In all domains of development. NGOs are reported to hold created a landmark in the history of Bangladesh. NGOs as the proper alternate organisations have the vision of imaginativeness. flexibleness. liberty. creativeness. advanced machinery. experience resources and schemes of put to deathing coders including non formal constructive instruction. NGOs have different undertakings towards development. Undoubtedly to state. the NGOs with their constructive attempts have been advancing development schemes by making alone alterations in the field of socioeconomic advancement in Bangladesh since her independency. Most of the enterprises made by the NGOs chiefly targeted to accomplish overall development of the state by run intoing pragmatically or practically. The NGOs have their constructive mission in developing the state. They touch the cardinal elements of socio economic development of a state. If human resources are non decently used. it will be gradual inactive and useless for the sta te conveying no public-service corporation. The most of import NGO invention has been in the manner they reach the hapless. A group-based or mark group mobilisation scheme underpins virtually all development NGO plans aimed at service-delivery. Such an attack serves to carry through non merely the end of economic betterment through direct targeting and beneficiary engagement. but besides that of societal and institutional development through beef uping the forming capacity of the hapless to be more able to assist them. The designation of recognition as a critical demand felt by the hapless and subsequent designing of an efficient and cost-efficient bringing mechanism to function this demand. hold justifiably become the most will-known of the development NGO inventions in Bangladesh. The theoretical account pioneered by Grameen Bank ( GB ) has established micro-credit as the most widely replicated anti-poverty plan in both authorities and development NGO sectors. The function of the development NGOs has been important in a figu re of primary health care concerns. notably immunisation and diarrhoea control. NGOs have been peculiarly successful in efficaciously circulating wellness through advanced media runs. Additions in immunisation are already being reflected in decreased infant mortality. Universal consciousness of unwritten desiccation therapy has besides aggressively cut down instances of diarrheal deceases. Low registration and high drop-out rates have been major jobs that plague primary schools in Bangladesh. In response to this the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee ( BRAC ) pioneered a system of theoretical account is focused on hapless kids. It employs immature Para-professional instructors ( largely female ) drawn from the community. A strong accent is placed on parent and community engagement. Some NGOs undertake alone plans of engineering transportation. Worsening dirt birthrate is an emerging environmental concern. About eight Nongovernmental organizations are presently involved in ground-breaking farm-level inventions in fertilizer-use and pest-management. These activities are complemented are developing an extension system for appropriate engineering transportation to homestead agribusiness. It encourages cultivation of a assortment of fruits and veggies and teaches the proper method of chilling. The consequence non merely provides income but besides improves the nutritionary position of the household. peculiarly kids. During the 1970ss and early 1880ss. irrigation led agribusiness was promoted by the authorities bureaus. Small husbandmans with an acre or less of land could non afford irrigation engineering. In response to the demand of the little and fringy husbandmans and besides to advance harvest variegation. NGOs developed low-cost irrigation engineerings through research and experiment. Critical Analysis of the Function and Role of the NGOs: Third universe state like Bangladesh there has been considerable Positive and negative argument about the map and function which are playing by of NGOs. However the NGOs in Bangladesh by and large face some challenges in the clip of their operation such as: Lack of Fundss: NGOs are showing trouble in happening sufficient. appropriate and uninterrupted support for their work. They find accessing givers every bit disputing as covering with their support conditions. They perceive there to be certain trusts of persons and NGOs that control entree to donor financess. They have limited resource mobilisation accomplishments and are frequently non looking for financess that are available locally. preferring to wait for international givers to near them. There is a high dependence of givers and a inclination to switch intercessions to fit giver precedences. There is a deficiency of fiscal. undertaking and organisational sustainability. Poor Governance: Poor administration was recognized withi n the sector as a whole. within the NGO Council and within single NGOs. Knowledge of good administration varied widely. with some parts bespeaking really small apprehension of why NGOs are required to hold Boardss or what their functions and maps should be. Many other participants explained that it is hard to accomplish good administration with laminitiss who wished to have their NGOs for their ain intents. Participants with better apprehension of good administration appreciated that this is cardinal to NGO answerability and transparence. Many NGOs mismanage their resource rather frequently with the engagement and encouragement of their Boardss that eat their NGOs resources. Absence of Strategic Planning: Few NGOs have strategic programs which would enable them to hold ownership over their mission. values and activities. This leaves them vulnerable to the caprices of givers and makes it hard to mensurate their impact over clip. Poor Networking: Poor networking is identified as a major challenge. It is the cause of duplicate of attempts. conflicting schem es at community degree. a deficiency of larning from experience and an inability of NGOs to turn to local structural causes of poorness. want and under-development. Negative competition for resources besides undermines the repute of the sector and the effectivity of NGO activities at community degree. As a consequence there is a great trade of intuition among NGOs. secretiveness and deficiency of transparence. Many NGOs. big and little. intervene at community degree without any community function and implement undertakings without due respect to ongoing community enterprises. NGO political relations: one contending another. one with resources but no community presence. another with community presence but no resources. Poor Communications: NGOs besides recognize that there is really hapless communicating within the sector. The bulk of NGOs have small or no entree to reliable electronic mail and internet connexions ; they receive about no literature on development issues and are by and large out of touch with issues of planetary. regional and national importance. Limited Capacity: NGOs acknowledge that many of them have limited proficient and orga nisational capacity. Few NGOs are able or willing to pay for such capacity edifice. Weak capacity was identified in fund-raising. administration. proficient countries of development. and leading and direction. Some NGOs felt that the being of quality criterions would help them to develop the needed capacities. The velocity of engineering alterations is besides a challenge peculiarly in countries of IT capacity. Political Intervention: NGOs leaders identified the intervention of local politicians and civic leaders as a major hinderance to their work. Where NGOs are involved in sensitive issues. such as land differences. local leaders can endanger NGOs with de-registration. NGOs are non cognizant that the Board – and potentially the Council – is at that place to protect them from such bullying. From positive point of position the map and function of NGOs can be considered as competent. possible. and indispensable agent in the procedure of national development. The NGOs are adept to transport on benefits to the hapless who are about ever ignored by governmental plans. The major part of NGOs in Bangladesh possibly lies in developing human potencies through edifice organisation of the hapless. The parts of NGOs are seeable in mobilising impoverished adult females and affecting them in assorted income and employment generating activities. Despite their part in development of the state it is argued that NGOs are non politically strong plenty and don’t have any societal committedness to convey out alteration in bing power construction ; instead it claimed that the NGOs either wittingly or otherwise served the involvement of international corporate capital. It is besides argued that the NGOs plans leave out the extreme hapless which is a important part of its possible clients. The NGOs face major challenge in this regard. Some perceivers identify NGOs as a new agent for using neo-imperialism. They considered that the activities of the NGOs are dedicated to function the involvement of the giver states and bureaus. Besides this the large NGOs recei ve the major portion of the foreign contribution where the little NGOs are deprived of foreign assistance. This instability among the large and little NGOs is besides raised as a unfavorable judgment. Besides the forces of the NGOs are blamed for nepotism. corruptness. abuse of power and embezzlement of money. NGOs Operation in Bangladesh and Transparency Issue: Although NGOs bring many positive alteration and work for rural development of the state as a whole I think their operation or activities are non so clear in the sense of transparence. As they are non-profit. non governmental public assistance organisation the authorities has no supervising mechanism to warrant the operation of the NGOs of the state. As a consequence the word answerability does non be for making their activities or executing their operation. Accountability brings duty and for being responsible the word ‘Transparency’ come frontward. NGOs operate for public benefit. like authoritiess. instead than private benefit. like companies. In order to do the most part to other people’s attempts. NGOs should run with the openness and transparence expected from democratic authoritiess. unless there are strong grounds non to. But it is really sorrow to state that. Not being democratically elected who are these organisations and who do they stand for? What is th eir legitimacy in fostering their causes? Are they effectual in advancing their aims? Are they unfastened. transparent and accountable to their stakeholders? Do the stakeholders have an chance to act upon the policies and patterns of an NGO? What means are acceptable to an NGO in fostering its aims and what non? Many of these inquiries remain unreciprocated in the contemporary operations of most NGOs. Some NGOs are now the largest suppliers of a scope of services in Bangladesh. and their function with regard to the hapless. concern and authorities has become progressively capable to debate. Around half of the NGOs registered with the Ministry of Social Welfare remain inactive for long and a few of them are even on a regular basis taking financess from the authorities. uncover a recent determination. A astonishing 23. 280 of the 50. 997 registered NGOs. which do non acquire foreign financess but receive authorities allotment. have so far become â€Å"signboard NGOs† and have no recent activities. â€Å"Signboard NGOs† does non subject their one-year studies and fiscal records to the Department of Social Welfare ( DSW ) as per the Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies ( Registration and Control ) Ordinance. 1961. Equally many as 16. 980 such NGOs did non subject their one-year and audit studies in the past 15 old ages. Some NGOs are still having one-year allotment estimated between Tk. 50. 000 and Tk. 5 hundred thousand from the authorities in the name of societal development and public assistance. On the other manus. a figure of inactive NGOs are having run uping machines. computing machines. wheel chairs and other things. Harmonizing to the Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies ( Registration and Control ) Ordinance. 1961. an person or organisation could acquire enrollment to run voluntary or societal public assistance activities to assist women’s empowerment and rural development and guarantee rights of kids. the handicapped and elderly people through DSW. It’s unfortunate that some NGOs in the name of societal or voluntary activities are fostering and funding hawkish activities. Most of these NGOs belong to political party. and their activities are non crystalline. On the other manus most of the NGOs of Bangladesh are run by foreign assistance ; as a consequence they have to make what the giver bureau wants. International NGOs have a important presence in Bangladesh supplying both human-centered and development financess to local NGOs. Furthermore. foundations and swear financess such as Aga Khan Foundation. Ford Foundation etc. besides supply financess to NGOs for their activities in Bangladesh. Besides they does non subject their fiscal statement to NGO personal businesss Bureau or the concern ministry ; as a consequence how and where they spent their money the ratio of plan to non-program disbursal. approximate costs per donee. how much donated services subsidize existent costs ( progressively. voluntaries complete specific undertakings that would otherwise be paid services ) etc remain ill-defined and non transparent. For this ground the word corruptness are now closer to NGOs operation. For non being accountable to anyone or non hold any clear fiscal statement the functionaries of NGO become corrupted. Most of the assistance money is used for their personal involvement instead than people involvement or public assistance operation. Leadership and staff of a non-governmental organisation are utilizing their place for personal advantage or fiscal addition. NGOs should do relevant information available in ways that are easy for different stakeholders to entree. In peculiar. they should do information accessible to the organisations and hapless people they work with straight. But it is really unfortunate to state that the NGOs of our state don’t have clear and accessible information to the hapless they work with. Decision NGOs ( Non-governmental organisations ) activities have virtually grown into a motion in Bangladesh and finally playing a really important function in the nation’s development procedure scene. NGOs have non been evolved over clip. The NGOs throughout the universe have evolved in the specific context of the society. The context of the developed states and developing states are surely different. The last three decennaries. tremendous growing of NGOs in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been regarded as the land of NGOs. In Bangladesh NGOs started their activities as voluntary. non-profit-making organisation but they make themselves indispensable in the necessary for the hapless. backward and in ware adult females of Bangladesh. It has argued that these NGOs have transformed themselves by altering or integrating new ends in order to confront the challenges which were thrown upon them from the environment in which they operate. NGOs have been highly successful in supplying entree to a re cognition to a big figure of people and engagement in development procedure. to some extent. has made the function of the few NGOs controversial. Mentions * Islam. M. N and S. Hussain. â€Å"Rural Development Programs and the Role of NGOs in Bangladesh† in M. A Quddus ( erectile dysfunction ) Rural Development in Bangladesh Strategies and Expertise. Comolla. BARD. * Karim. M. â€Å"Non Governmental Organizations in Bangladesh: Issues of Legitimacy and Accountability† . Grassroots. Vol. 3 No. 12. * Aminuzzaman. S. â€Å"NGOs and Development Management in Bangladesh† . Administrative alteration. vol24. No. 3. * Shelly. M. R â€Å"NGOs Movement in Bangladesh† . working paper. * OECD. Voluntary Aid for development: the Role of Non-Governmental Organization. * Khanna. B. S. â€Å"Role of Voluntary Agencies in Rural Development: Case Studies form Bangladesh† . * Huq. M. F. ‘Towards Sustainable Development: Rural Development and NGO Activities in Bangladesh† . Dhaka Agricultural Research Council. * From different web site about the Role and Function of NGOs in Bangladesh. * Class talks.

The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Jay Gatsby, the central character of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby symbolizes the American dream. The American dream offers faith in the possibility of a better life. Its attendant illusion is the belief that material wealth alone can bring that dream to fruition. Through Gatsby, Fitzgerald brings together both these ideas. Jay Gatsby thinks money is the answer to anything he encounters. He has the best of everything. The fanciest car, the largest house, and the finest clothes. Jay has everything except the object he most desires, Daisy. Gatsby believes he can win Daisy over with wealth, that he could achieve the ideal she stood for through his material possessions. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One look at Gatsbys past and it could be seen that he was destined to get ahead in life. Mr. Gatz told Nick, Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what hes got about improving his mind? He was always great for that. He told me I et like a hog once and I beat him for it; (182). Gatsbys determination to gain a large bankroll is a huge part of the American dream. He believes that once he achieved his financial goal it would lead to a better life. In America the car is one of the greatest status symbols. Gatsbys gorgeous machine is one of the most majestic cars created. Nicks comments on the vehicle describe its luster, and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hatboxes and supper-boxes and tool-boxesSitting down behind many layers of glass in a sort of leather conservatory we started towards town; (68). The use of the symbolic automobile can be seen as a demonstration of how an ideal based on materialism alone can be destructive. This was the fatal car which kills Myrtle Wilson and indirectly leads to Gatsbys death. Appearance is another important factor toward Gatsbys dream. In his quest to win Daisys heart Gatsby chooses to wear his best outfit. the front door opened nervously and Gatsby in a white flannel suit, silver shirt and gold colored tie hurried in; (89). Silver and gold are the colors of wealth, Gatsbys sartorial splendor is as lavish as any of the other items he owns. Gatsbys shirts are more then just garments towards Gatsby. They are some of the many fascinating objects he possesses that were created by money. These shirts contribute towards Gatsbys vision of the American dream, that his money and belongings will create happiness for him. Another major object of Gatsbys dream was his incredible house. Jay states to Nick and Daisy, My house looks well, doesnt it? See how the whole front of it catches the light; (95). Jay gave Nick and Daisy the grand tour of his house showing of all of his worldly possessions. Room after room, everything was shown and mentioned. At the sight of his piles and piles of shirts Daisy broke down. Theyre such beautiful shirts, it makes me sad because Ive never seen suchsuch beautiful shirts before; (98). Jay Gatsbys ideals were parallel to the typical American dream. He wants to claim his objective by the use of his assets. He thinks that his money will give him happiness in life through love and his personal belongings. Even the richest man in the world cant have everything. Material wealth could provide many things for Jay Gatsby but not the thing he most desired. Although his wealth drew Daisy closer to him, he never truly could have possessed her heart. He demanded Daisy to state that she had never loved Tom Buchanan. Oh, you want too much!; she cried to Gatsby, I love you nowisnt that enough? I cant help whats past. I did love him oncebut I loved you too.; (139-140). Jays true love still remained with her uncaring husband, Tom. Jay Gatsbys dream was smashed when he found out that even all of his assets werent enough to woo Daisy to him. .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .postImageUrl , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:visited , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:active { border:0!important; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:active , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Farm Essay PropagandaJay Gatsbys belief in the American dream keep him from realizing reality. He believes that if he worked hard enough and made enough money that he could have anything. He wants to perceive the world as a place where sufficient wealth would enable him to recapture and recreate the past he desired with Daisy. Gatsby began planning for his dream when he was young. This can be seen from his journal he wrote as a young man which was discovered by Mr. Gatz. His attempt to accomplish his dream with cars and shirts could not have been successful. The American dream cannot be accomplished, money is just one factor towards happiness in this world. The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis The Great Gatsby paints the picture of the way life was in the twenties. Thissociety has the characteristics of an egotist and one who pays no attention thecharacter of themselves. Fitzgeralds style influences the reader to portraythis era as a carefree do what feels good society. However,Fitzgerald introduces the countless number of tragedies that take place. Throughdiction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald creates a morose tone. The writerevokes the readers feelings through particular words and their meanings. In thephrase, . . . I began to look involuntarily out the window for othercars, the word involuntarily grabs the reader. This phrase makes thereader feel melancholy for Gatsby because it its depressing for no one to cometo the funeral. It reveals how Nick and Mr. Gatz experience anticipation. Bothof them know devoutly that no one will come pay their respects to Jay Gatsby. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Mainly because they wait half an hour for people to show up. Also, in the phrase. . . his eyes began to blink anxiously the word anxiously showsNicks dolefulness for the lack of sympathy that Gatsby fails to receive. Theword procession reflects the despair and lack of friendship that Gatsbywitnesses in his life. The lack of companionship that Gatsby has cogitates howlonely and despondent he is. Through the uses of certain words the author helpsexpress feelings and emotions of the morose tone. Through imagery Fitzgerald canmake the reader feel like they are in the story. Water, specifically evokes thesenses. It describes how the procession of cars stopped in a thick drizzle. Thisdepicts how gloomy it appears outside. The reader can hardly see the three carsbecause of continuous soaking. They describe a motor hearse as . .. horribly black and wet. A hearse normally portrays a solemn feeling, butthe words horribly, black, and wet allow the reader to feel the misery andmournfulness of death. The ground is soggy as someone splashes through it. Youcan smell the wet turf and feel the saturation beneath the feet. The use ofwater in the story aids the reader in understanding the morose setting. Fitzgerald uses certain detailed sequences to help explain the somberness of JayGatsby. In the first significant sequence Nick and Mr. Gatz wait for people toshow up at the funeral. This shows the lack of friends and well-wishers that arein Gatsbys life. The reader feels cheerless for Gatsby due to the lack offulfillment he has in his life. Next, after a half hour the procession of threecars finally reaches the cemetery. This pathetic scene shows the products ofGatsbys arrogant and cocky lifestyle. Because of his personality, very few cometo pay their respects. This is a very lugubrious situation. Finally, the scenein which the unidentified man comes to pay his respects helps the reader viewGatsby through a different perspective. Though Gatsby was not well liked, thislone stranger looked past the arrogant ways and saw an intellectual man. However, it its still poignant how no one comes to the funeral. Thesesignificant sequences give the reader better understanding of the morose toneand the emotional state of Jay Gatsby. Due to the way Fitzgerald portrays thepassage in slow motion to make the reader feel each emotion and see each imagein such vivid detail, its as if the reader is seeing it take place. Throughdiction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald produces a morose tone. The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Man dreams of living the life of the elite social class and of the power and admiration inherent within. F. Scott Fitzgerald comes to terms with this American dream in The Great Gatsby, a novel about social life in the 1920s. The social hierarchy of the times plays a very important role in this novel. Here Fitzgerald illustrates three specific social classes: old money, new money, and lower class, with old money and new money taking center stage. Gatsby himself personifies new money; he made himself into a rich man through shady dealings. Tom Buchanan, on the other hand, represents old money. He received everything he has on a silver platter. He earned nothing but his inheritance. At the time, it was extremely desirable to be old money, because people looked at new money as vulgar and uncivilized. By illustrating social-economic class differences, Fitzgerald depicts the illusion of the corrupted American dream. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Old money, living in the guise of the American dream, denies the entrance of new money and the lower class into their social hierarchy. In the novel, Tom has a mistress who lives in the valley of ashes, where most of the lower class citizens reside. Tom has been seeing her for years even though he married Daisy. No one objects to this because of his old money status. On page 19, Jordan Baker informs Nick of this scandal, Why- Toms got some woman in New York. Jordan also informs Nick of the commonality and wide acceptance of this fact. Toms mistress, Myrtle, despite her status as a lower class citizen, tries to pressure him into leaving Daisy. Tom refuses because marrying into a lower social class would develop into even more of a scandal than having a mistress. This corrupted American dream prevents Tom from openly allowing Myrtle into his life. Old moneys highly discriminating nature allows its members to attain superiority, while this self-serving superiority further enhances their American dream. The attempts of new money to imitate old money remain futile. For example, although Daisy truly loves Gatsby, he represents new money. Despite his attempts to become old money, the old rich have never embraced him. Daisy cannot be with him because he is not and never will be of her class. Gatsby even offers to take the blame for a murder she committed, yet she will nott even leave her husband for him. Was Daisy driving? Yes, he said after a moment. but of course Ill say I was. (p. 151). Daisy allows Gatsby to take the blame for her without showing either remorse or gratitude. In this way, Fitzgerald shows that although old money people count themselves rich monetarily, they show a lack of morality and accountability. Daisys carelessness and irresponsibility cause her to need others to clean up after her without caring who takes the fall. Old moneys arrogance and haughtiness make their misguided American dream more of an American nightmare. The elite created the American dream in order to make themselves and others think they are superior. They are not, in fact, above all others, but have created the illusion of this corrupted dream. To be of old money opens all doors, allowing you to do anything you want to anyone you want, to act without conscience, and to let others take responsibility for your actions. This portrays their perverted picture of the way life should be. This illusion of the American dream can only harm its believers and all those who aspire to attain it. Bibliography:The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

FreeBSD OS essays

FreeBSD OS essays There are many operating systems out in the world at the current time, however as youve probably realized or would guess some are better than others. For example windows is the most well known and most used Operating System out on the market today and for the last few years. However just because its the one that is most known and used doesnt mean its the best. In fact there are many other Operating Systems that are much better. However each Operating System is better for its own section, though some are overall better. Windows is one of the best for user friendliness but isnt very powerful. However FreeBSD is user friendly (assuming that the person knows something about computers) and is extremely powerful and very stable. Two things that Windows does not have. Some things that make FreeBSD a better Operating System than others out on the market, well the first and most important is the ports tree FreeBSD has, it is Unix based, and has a very customizable kernel for the core of the system. The first thing that makes FreeBSD different from many other Operating Systems is its file system. Its somewhat the same as most other Unix file systems such as on Linux systems. (The FreeBSD Project) Though it has its own commands that allow it to do specific things only unique to FreeBSD. And a very large difference between the file system on a FreeBSD machine rather than a Windows machine is that the navigation of a FreeBSD consists of a hierarchy type system. Much different that a Windows machine has. With a different navigation system than on a Windows machine, this means that there is more control for a user inside their own computer. Also there are many different ways to show and list what files are in a folder and what folders are inside a directory, you can even find out what files are in a different directory without having to be inside it ...

Singapore Facts, History, and Description

Singapore Facts, History, and Description A bustling city-state in the heart of Southeast Asia, Singapore is famous for its booming economy and its strict regime of law and order. Long an important port of call on the monsoonal Indian Ocean trade circuit, today Singapore boasts one of the worlds busiest ports, as well as thriving finance and services sectors. How did this tiny nation become one of the worlds wealthiest? What makes Singapore tick? Government According to its constitution, the Republic of Singapore is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system. In practice, its politics have been completely dominated by a single party, the Peoples Action Party (PAP), since 1959. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament and also heads the executive branch of government; the President plays a mostly ceremonial role as the head of state, although he or she can veto the appointment of top-level judges. Currently, the Prime Minister is Lee Hsien Loong, and the President is Tony Tan Keng Yam. The president serves a six-year term, while legislators serve five-year terms. The unicameral parliament has 87 seats and has been dominated by PAP members for decades. Interestingly, there are also as many as nine nominated members, who are the losing candidates from opposition parties who came closest to winning their elections. Singapore has a relatively simple judicial system, made up of a High Court, a Court of Appeals, and several types of Commercial Courts. The judges are appointed by the President upon the advice of the Prime Minister. Population The city-state of Singapore boasts a population of about 5,354,000, packed in at a density of more than 7,000 people per square kilometer (almost 19,000 per square mile). In fact, it is the third-most densely populated country in the world, following only the Chinese territory of Macau and Monaco. Singapores population is highly diverse, and many of its residents are foreign-born. Just 63% of the population are actually citizens of Singapore, while 37% are guest workers or permanent residents. Ethnically, 74% of Singapores residents are Chinese, 13.4% are Malay, 9.2% are Indian, and about 3% are of mixed ethnicity or belong to other groups. Census figures are somewhat skewed because until recently the government only allowed residents to select a single race on their census forms. Languages Although English is the most commonly used language in Singapore, the nation has four official languages: Chinese, Malay, English, and Tamil. The most common mother tongue is Chinese, with about 50% of the population. Approximately 32% speak English as their first language, 12% Malay, and 3% Tamil. Obviously, written language in Singapore is also complex, given the variety of official languages. Commonly-used writing systems include the Latin alphabet, Chinese characters and the Tamil script, which is derived from Indias Southern Brahmi system. Religion in Singapore The largest religion in Singapore is Buddhism, at about 43% of the population. The majority are Mahayana Buddhists, with roots in China, but Theravada and Vajrayana Buddhism also have numerous adherents. Almost 15% of Singaporeans are Muslim, 8.5% are Taoist, about 5% Catholic, and 4% Hindu. Other Christian denominations total almost 10%, while approximately 15% of Singapores people have no religious preference. Geography Singapore is located in Southeast Asia, off the southern tip of Malaysia, north of Indonesia. It is made up of 63 separate islands, with a total area of 704 kilometers square (272 miles square). The largest island is Pulau Ujong, commonly called Singapore Island. Singapore is connected to the mainland via the Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Tuas Second Link. Its lowest point is sea-level, while the highest point is Bukit Timah at the lofty elevation of 166 meters (545 feet). Climate Singapores climate is tropical, so temperatures do not vary much throughout the year. Average temperatures range between about 23 and 32 °C (73 to 90 °F). The weather is generally hot and humid. There are two monsoonal rainy seasons- June to September, and December to March. However, even during the inter-monsoon months, it rains frequently in the afternoon. Economy Singapore is one of the most successful Asian tiger economies, with a per capita GDP of $60,500 US, fifth in the world. Its unemployment rate as of 2011 was an enviable 2%, with 80% of workers employed in the services and 19.6% in industry. Singapore exports electronics, telecommunications equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and refined petroleum. It imports food and consumer goods  but has a substantial trade surplus. History of Singapore Humans settled the islands that now form Singapore at least as early as the 2nd century CE, but little is known about the early history of the area. Claudius Ptolemaeus, a Greek cartographer, identified an island in Singapores location  and noted that it was an important international trading port. Chinese sources note the existence of the main island in the third century  but provide no details. In 1320, the Mongol Empire sent emissaries to a place called Long Ya Men, or Dragons Tooth Strait, believed to be on Singapore Island. The Mongols were seeking elephants. A decade later, the Chinese explorer Wang Dayuan described a pirate fortress with mixed Chinese and Malay population called Dan Ma Xi, his rendering of the Malay name Tamasik (meaning Sea Port). As for Singapore itself, its founding legend states that in the thirteenth century, a prince of Srivijaya, called Sang Nila Utama or Sri Tri Buana, was shipwrecked on the island. He saw a lion there for the first time in his life  and took this as a sign that he should found a new city, which he named Lion City- Singapura. Unless the big cat was also shipwrecked there, it is unlikely that the story is literally true, since the island was home to tigers but not lions. For the next three hundred years, Singapore changed hands between the Java-based Majapahit Empire and the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Siam (now Thailand). In the 16th century, Singapore became an important trading depot for the Sultanate of Johor, based on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. However, in 1613 Portuguese pirates burned the city to the ground, and Singapore vanished from international notice for two hundred years. In 1819, Britains Stamford Raffles founded the modern city of Singapore as a British trading post in Southeast Asia. It became known as the Straits Settlements in 1826  and then was claimed as an official Crown Colony of Britain in 1867. Britain retained control of Singapore until 1942  when the Imperial Japanese Army launched a bloody invasion of the island as part of its Southern Expansion drive in World War II. The Japanese Occupation lasted until 1945. Following the Second World War, Singapore took a circuitous route to independence. The British believed that the former Crown Colony was too small to function as an independent state. Nonetheless, between 1945 and 1962, Singapore received increasing measures of autonomy, culminating in self-government from 1955 to 1962. In 1962, after a public referendum, Singapore joined the Malaysian Federation. However, deadly race riots broke out between ethnic Chinese and Malay citizens of Singapore in 1964, and the island voted in 1965 to break away from the Federation of Malaysia once more. In 1965, the Republic of Singapore became a fully self-governing, autonomous state. Although it has faced difficulties, including more race riots in 1969 and the East Asian financial crisis of 1997, it has proved overall a very stable and prosperous little nation.

Report market sells product internationally Essay

Report market sells product internationally - Essay Example The report would also include an analysis of the market segments and the beer market in the nation. The report would also showcase the market entry strategies and a specific product mix for the new market and would also include an analysis of the integrated marketing communication and other market strategies for entering the market successfully. Finally a set of plausible recommendations would be prepared that would be framed on the basis of the study conducted in the course of research. The present era of business environment is largely stated by various circles as the age of turbulence and intense competition. The entry of globalisation has made the world turn into a boundary less structure with firms expanding beyond political and geographic boundaries to reach out to new markets. This has also triggered a wave of competition among the organizations to establish their organizations in the market. The present study would deal with the international expansion of a beer company in the UK market. The choice of the market assumes significance considering the presence of a strong demand and favourable future opportunities in the nation. Background According to a report published by Nielsen the total beer industry in UK is valued at 3.48 billion pounds with volumes expected to be around 18.7 million hl. This shows a considerable scope for business in the market. However the market is also characterised by intense levels of competition as the market is dotted with a large number of players with highly established brand image and formidable brand positioning (Nielsen, 2009, p.6). Aim The main aim of this study would be to frame a business report that would try to uncover the business potential of UK as a beer market. The report would try to analyse the business market of the nation and would frame up a market entry plan that would also include formulating a product mix specifically designed for the UK market. The report would also cover the aspect of positioning and integrated marketing communication as well as an entry strategy for the company in the UK market. Scope The business report would analyse the business attractiveness of a new market in the context of the beer market in UK. The report would analyse the appropriateness in choosing the UK market as a destination for investment for foreign market players in the beer industry. Country Information Geographies UK is one of the most developed economies of the world with its importance being that of one of the pioneer nations of the industrial revolution. Geographically the nation is located in Western Europe with a total area of 243,610 square kilometres. The nation has a long coastline in the Atlantic Ocean that serves as its sea link with the USA. London the capital city of the nation is also known as the commercial and financial hubs of the world with

Personal Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Personal Philosophy - Essay Example It is an imperative effort to ensure a keen and meticulous understanding of the behaviour and inclinations of infants and toddlers in order to come up with more effective and profound methods and approaches of providing learning and care to infants and toddlers. This piece of article shall present a personal philosophy that will concentrate more on the different topics related to infant and toddler learning and care. It shall provide relatively intended recommendations on how to improve the existing methods of training up infants and toddlers. This shall discuss on the manifold factors that affect and influence the learning process and care involving infants and toddlers. Also, an elaboration on child’s important participation in carrying out the steps drawn out from the personal philosophy will be provided as well. It is my ardent belief that early childhood development learning and care should be provided at places wherein these young individuals will be given the ability to hook up with the world and would trigger their earliest possible environmental consciousness that will help them to grow and improve their learning process. It is highly important that while infants and toddlers need to make a connection with the natural world most on their own, it is likewise important to make sure that training centers for infants and toddlers should provide an environment that is safe, amicable and full of love and care. They should be exposed in an environment where they can feel that they are loved and cared. The eventual or future personality and attitude of our children is heavily contingent to how they were trained when they were still young. Seen this way, it would be a significant step to employ a type of teaching that would help them develop their self-confidence that will surely help them beco me active learners. It is my

Science and Math Is More Important Essay Example for Free

Science and Math Is More Important Essay Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. (250-300 words) ESSAY History, literature, science and mathematics are all classic and very important subject in their own sense. No subject can be given more or less importance in life. However, in my opinion, studying science and mathematics are more important than studying history and literature. Firstly, science and mathematics are essential to most subjects. In other words, No matter which subject you want to learn, economics, finance or mechanics, you must have sufficient science and mathematics knowledge to understand it. For example, if person after studying science in secondary school, it is still possible to change lanes towards law at university, but if one only does the art subjects in school, one has no possibility of becoming an engineer later. My second reason is, studying science contributes abundantly to the human life. What I’m trying to say is, without science or mathematics, there won’t be any technology, which we will still be in our prehistoric days without it. Electricity is a typical example. How will we survive if the magical power vanished? Not only it’s used for lighting but to make most machines work. We need electricity like we need air to breathe. Although Shakespeare or Charles Dickens’s work are all very fascinating, but so are Newton’s laws of gravity and movement. And actually, without the creation of paper or pen, which is science, William Shakespeare wouldn’t exist. In conclusion, it is clear that the importance of science and mathematics have to be learnt is much more than studying history and literature. Science and mathematics should be the two most necessary and impotent subjects in our modern life.

Whos The Boss? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Who’s The Boss?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A typical relationship between an employee and an employer exists on the acknowledgment of who is in charge; an employee must accept the employer as an authority. A worker should address the employer with a certain amount of respect and professionalism. An employer should have control of their employees and make it clear that they are the boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In David Mamet’s play Glengarry Glen Ross, however the relationship between the employees and the employer is extremely atypical. There is no correlation to what is believed to be the norm. The language Mamet uses in the play makes the peculiar relationship believable. The arguing and resentment can be felt be the reader. The employees in this particular office have â€Å"forgotten† who the boss is; they do not speak to him with any respect or dignity. The employer accepts the way he is treated and does not stand his ground; he allows his employees to walk all over him. This office is not the kind of work place where the boss has the last word; there are numerous times throughout the play where the boss and his employees actually fight. The relationship between one of the employees, Shelly Levene, and his employer, John Williamson, reflects this abnormal relationship. Williamson is the boss, or manager of this particular branch of a real estate company, he does however have two bosses, Mitch and Murray. The play begins with Williamson making an announcement regarding the jobs of all of the employees in the office. There is a contest beginning to see who could close the most deals. Whoever won would win a car and whoever lost would be fired. In the following conversation between Williamson and Levene, the two are discussing whom the good leads are going to. Levene has told Williamson that without the good leads he will not be able to close, in which case, he will be fired. Williamson has said that he has to give the leads to the closers and that Levene has not been a closer. I pick up the conversation after many pages of arguments, Williamson agreeing to Shelly’s bribe and right when Shelly is asking for two l eads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"WILLIAMSON. I’m not sure I have two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LEVENE. I saw the board. You’ve got four†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WILLIAMSON. I’ve got Roma. Then I’ve got Moss†¦ LEVENE. Bullshit. Th... ...n’t agree with this and believes that it is Williamson giving the orders and that if Williamson were to call up Mitch or Murray they would tell him to follow whatever Levene says. Williamson is a timid man. He does not like confrontation. Whenever Shelly or anyone began to yell at him he would just walk away. Shelly is an older and somewhat outspoken man; he knows that Williamson is timid and therefore talks the way he does to him. Shelly is feeling the pressure of the younger men taking his role as the best. All of the stress and pressure in the office causes everyone to be on edge. I think that Williamson is a bit more understanding because he realizes that Shelly’s job is being threatened. All of these pressures and feelings cause Williamson and Levene to resent each other. The language used by Mamet to portray all of this really makes the reader feel the stress and tension in the office. The reader can hear the arguing and disagreeing. The extreme language helps the reader understand the lack of control in the office as well as the atypical behavior between an employee and employer. Works Cited 1. Mamet, David. Glengarry Glen Ross. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1982. Whos The Boss? Essay -- essays research papers fc Who’s The Boss?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A typical relationship between an employee and an employer exists on the acknowledgment of who is in charge; an employee must accept the employer as an authority. A worker should address the employer with a certain amount of respect and professionalism. An employer should have control of their employees and make it clear that they are the boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In David Mamet’s play Glengarry Glen Ross, however the relationship between the employees and the employer is extremely atypical. There is no correlation to what is believed to be the norm. The language Mamet uses in the play makes the peculiar relationship believable. The arguing and resentment can be felt be the reader. The employees in this particular office have â€Å"forgotten† who the boss is; they do not speak to him with any respect or dignity. The employer accepts the way he is treated and does not stand his ground; he allows his employees to walk all over him. This office is not the kind of work place where the boss has the last word; there are numerous times throughout the play where the boss and his employees actually fight. The relationship between one of the employees, Shelly Levene, and his employer, John Williamson, reflects this abnormal relationship. Williamson is the boss, or manager of this particular branch of a real estate company, he does however have two bosses, Mitch and Murray. The play begins with Williamson making an announcement regarding the jobs of all of the employees in the office. There is a contest beginning to see who could close the most deals. Whoever won would win a car and whoever lost would be fired. In the following conversation between Williamson and Levene, the two are discussing whom the good leads are going to. Levene has told Williamson that without the good leads he will not be able to close, in which case, he will be fired. Williamson has said that he has to give the leads to the closers and that Levene has not been a closer. I pick up the conversation after many pages of arguments, Williamson agreeing to Shelly’s bribe and right when Shelly is asking for two l eads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"WILLIAMSON. I’m not sure I have two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LEVENE. I saw the board. You’ve got four†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WILLIAMSON. I’ve got Roma. Then I’ve got Moss†¦ LEVENE. Bullshit. Th... ...n’t agree with this and believes that it is Williamson giving the orders and that if Williamson were to call up Mitch or Murray they would tell him to follow whatever Levene says. Williamson is a timid man. He does not like confrontation. Whenever Shelly or anyone began to yell at him he would just walk away. Shelly is an older and somewhat outspoken man; he knows that Williamson is timid and therefore talks the way he does to him. Shelly is feeling the pressure of the younger men taking his role as the best. All of the stress and pressure in the office causes everyone to be on edge. I think that Williamson is a bit more understanding because he realizes that Shelly’s job is being threatened. All of these pressures and feelings cause Williamson and Levene to resent each other. The language used by Mamet to portray all of this really makes the reader feel the stress and tension in the office. The reader can hear the arguing and disagreeing. The extreme language helps the reader understand the lack of control in the office as well as the atypical behavior between an employee and employer. Works Cited 1. Mamet, David. Glengarry Glen Ross. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1982.

Metacognition Student Achievement Essay

Metacognition has generally been described as thinking about one’s own thoughts. The realization that a human being cannot exist in isolation of his inner self, that he is constantly probing that dam of his very essence to evaluate situations and resolve the never-ending puzzles that daily confront him. Kornell (2009), has described metacognition as self-reflection and conscious awareness. An even more elaborate definition is that given by Serendip (2009). He defines it as â€Å"a reflective practice that helps one discern general patterns in one’s own views and abilities†. Whichever definition one feels comfortable with, it cannot be said to be superior to the other, because metacognition deals with the intangible and cannot be weighed on a scale. It has, however, been the subject of widespread research all over the world. Psychologists are now asking themselves, what causes that tip of the tongue experience, when you are sure you know someone’s name but cannot recall it? Or what is at play when one conveys a feeling of uncertainty? Why is it that humans are able to have certain cognitive abilities that animals apparently do not have? For example, if asked what year America gained independence, one may readily recall with certainty, or one may say with complete uncertainty that he does not know. The answer may also lie in between, showing a certain degree of uncertainty by replying, for example, I think it was 1776. Whatever answer one gives, it demonstrates an ability to question one’s memory and experience. According to studies that have been done, this ability can be improved. Thus, the science of metacognition is now rampant, with studies being carried out on the cognitive abilities of monkeys, children, students, and ways in which they can be improved. Metacognition 2 One study which was carried out to test the cognitive abilities of rhesus monkeys, was that conducted by Kornell, Son & Terrace (2007). In this trial, the monkeys were initially trained to select a given picture from a sample of six pictures by touching the image on a touch-screen monitor. After this training period, they were shown six sample pictures which were then simultaneously removed and replaced with nine, one of the previous six being among them. As soon as they selected the sample they thought was among the previous six, they were required to bet on their choice by depressing an icon on the screen for certainty, with a reward of redeemable food tokens, or loss of tokens, if wrong. A further icon for a low risk bet was also there. After carrying out this experiment for a suitable period of time, they concluded that the monkeys would invariably only bet when they were sure that they knew the correct answer. The researchers were therefore of the opinion that the monkeys were guided by a cognitive ability. They also tested two monkeys on metacognitive control. This is the ability to use metacognitive ability to influence behavior. An example would be requesting for a hint when one is unsure of an answer, a common trait with humans. In this trial, two monkeys were presented with a few sample pictures to place in a certain order. They were also availed of onscreen visual hints if they needed. The penalty for using the hints was a less appetizing banana flavored pellet, instead of the more attractive M&M candy. As the test progressed, it became apparent that the monkeys were using the hints less and less, and would only resort to them when they were sure that they did not know the right answer. This ability to have control over one’s metacognitive ability had been tested on humans for many years, and it was only now that it was becoming clear that it was also present in animals. However, how prevalent this is among them, cannot be clear and it cannot be generalized from this study that only involved rhesus monkeys. Metacognition 3 Smith & Washbum (2005) have taken animal research a notch higher and carried out trials that probe the memory, referred to as monitoring the memory. In the test, animals which were given various tasks to do based on what they had done before, declined to engage in the more difficult tasks, a result that was the same as similar tests carried out on humans. The animals were selective and seemed to have the same analogous capacity as human. There was no doubt that they were using their metacognitive abilities to seek in their memories, and when they remembered that the task was arduous, they declined to take the test. Kornell & Terrace (2007) also carried out some trials seeking to find out if monkeys benefited from learning. They did this with two rhesus monkeys which were given two problem sets to solve. In one difficult set, they were given hints to assist them after a suitable training period. In the other set, they were given no hints. The number of hints they used to solve the problem set steadily declined over time, the performance, however, did not change, it stayed the same. The monkeys were solving the problem with skills they had acquired from the hints and were using them less and less because they had â€Å"learned†. This is fascinating and opens up very interesting questions about the training of animals. There are other areas of animal metacognitive behavior which have been studied. Hampton, R (2009), carried out studies on rhesus monkeys to determine if they made decisions when they had information, or sought information when ignorant and immediately made a decision. The results were quite revealing. They carried out two sets of tests. In one test, the monkeys witnessed food being inserted into some opaque test tubes. These tests were referred to as the seen trials. In the other test, the food was inserted into test tubes without their knowledge. Metacognition 4 The monkeys were then required to identify the tubes which had food in them. In trial after trial, they would first look down the tubes to ascertain if the food was there and if it was, they selected the tube. What was evident from these tests is that the monkeys sought information first, by peering down the tubes, when ignorant, and only immediately selected the correct tubes without investigating, when they knew the food was there. That means they knew when they knew and only sought information when they knew that they did not know. This is a characteristic which is prevalent among human children, orangutans and rhesus monkeys. It is, however, not clear with capuchin monkeys when they were exposed to a similar trial about a decade before. There is room for more research on animals. According to Smith & Washbum, a lot needs to be investigated regarding the gifts different animals have. For example, monkeys and dolphins seem to exhibit more cognitive abilities than pigeons, whose reactions appear to be more stimulus based. Further research in this area can yield very important information which may stimulate a whole spectrum of research into cognitive abilities of different animal specie. Additionally, there is a lot of room into studies on the ability or lack of ability of animals to make quantitative judgements, for example, their mood. Metacognitive abilities is also a subject of importance in developing learning capabilities for children. Loh, A (2009), has made suggestions on methods to use to improve metacognition learning for children as young as two year olds. Since parents spend the most amount time with children of this age, they are best placed to practice the techniques recommended by Loh. He says that children should be encouraged to think about their thinking process in order to develop their intellect and intelligence. Children should be engaged, soon after an activity, to gauge their Metacognition 5 thinking process and the techniques they used for a task. Immediately after this activity, they should be asked certain questions, for example : 1. They should be asked about the process they used to achieve the result. This way, they will recall the steps and learn the process. 2. What strategies did they use? This will engage them actively in the thinking process by beginning to adopt strategic thinking of alternative techniques they can use to achieve better results. 3. What do they think about the end result? Is it good or bad? This will help them to evaluate their work. 4. Offer them puzzling tasks that have more than one solution. This exposes them to cognitive conflicts 5. Engage them in debates and discussions with other children 6. Allow them to practice reciprocal teaching where they form groups and one child teaches members of his group. 7. Once they engage on a task, allow them to continue undisturbed. Help them with clues if they get stuck. Further, they can be assisted with questions that will incline them to probe their mind even more, for example, what they learned from the task and what they found difficult. Additionally, they can be probed to find out if they have a next goal and what will help them to achieve it. Metacognition 6 There has been more research in the field of metacognitive abilities of children. Young children’s understanding of mental life, or â€Å"theory of mind†, is an area that is currently being explored by various scientists. According to science daily (2008), a new study had made a link between theory of mind as assessed in kindergarten children and their metacognitive abilities in elementary school. Early theory of mind competencies positively influenced metacognitive abilities acquired later. 174 children between the ages of three and four were used as study subjects to investigate this relationship. Wolfgang Schneider, P. H. D. , of the University of Wurzburg, who carried out the trial, said that knowledge from this research can be used to develop training programs for young children. For all the progress that has been done on metacognition in animals and children, none can rival that of learners. The Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario (2009), says that students with metacognitive needs have difficulties in setting priorities and planning their tasks. Additionally: 1. They are poor at strategizing in order to accomplish a task methodically 2. They procrastinate and are unable to start their work. 3. They are inattentive and make careless mistakes. 4. They are not able to identify their faults or know how to seek help. With these type of students they recommend the following teaching strategies : 1. Teachers should tutor them on how to plan and show them the scoring rubric for the assignment. 2. They should be taught on estimation of time needed to complete a task. 3. They should be assisted with think-aloud strategies. Metacognition 7 4. They should be cajoled to get engaged actively in their work by asking them how they are doing the work and how they will remember to solve the problem. 5. Teachers should be specific in their assignments to students by providing scoring rubrics for each question and how they have been calculated. However, Pierce (2004), dealt even deeper in metacognition for students. He was of the opinion that study strategies were generalized and teachers did not teach them in class. They assumed that students had already learned them. When they taught a strategy, students used the same strategy taught for all subjects. According to him, students needed to acquire three types of knowledge in order to improve their metacognitive abilities. These are : 1. Declarative knowledge which is having at their grasp factual information, for example, speed is distance divided by time taken. 2. Procedural knowledge which is knowing how to do something. Using the previous example of speed, they should know the formula for speed and the steps required in its calculation. 3. Conditional knowledge – This is knowing when to use a certain procedure and why one strategy is better than another. In applying the three types of knowledge for study strategies for example, students need declarative knowledge to know that a high school history textbook is different from an article analyzing the same textbook. They need procedural knowledge to take notes from such a textbook and conditional knowledge to know when such notes should be taken. According to Pierce, study techniques improve learning but are hardly ever taught. Additionally, many students do not internalize success as caused by ability and effort. Metacognition 8 Lippman, Danielsson & Linder (2005), differed slightly with some researchers of metacognition. They claimed that most studies taught metacognitive skills and then measured the effects of training. Instead, they should quantify the use of metacognition. In a study that they carried out at an American university, their aim was to find out how much metacognition is used in a laboratory and how the setup encourages the use of metacognition. Three groups of students were used and their proceedings videotaped and their verbal comments recorded. In one group, students were given a set of instructions to follow. The same was done for the second group and in addition, they were expected to explain their reason. The third group was given a question to answer and expected to explain, in a presentation, the method they had used to get results. In analyzing the results, Lippman et al (2005) saw no difference in the amount of metacognition in the different groups. However, the most important finding was that there was a difference in how metacognition made students change their behavior in tackling the lab assignments. For example, in the third group, the verbal exchanges revealed that the use of metacognition made the students more creative. This was a different approach as was the one used by Mevarech & Kramarski (2003). In this study, 100 eighth graders, studying algebra in four classrooms, were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to cooperative learning and also given metacognitive training. The other group was given cooperative learning but without metacognitive training. At issue was mathematical modeling and problem solving skills. After tasks to perform were given, the results showed that the group which had been given metacognitive training did outperformed the other that only had a cooperative setting. There was significant difference with the two groups with regard to planning, processing and reflection. They concluded that the cooperative Metacognition 9 setting is not enough to enhance modeling skills. Metacognitive skills are important in how to approach a problem, how to control and monitor the solution and how to reflect on the final answer. As a result of such studies, Mevarech & Kramarski (2003) designed the learning tool called IMPROVE, whose letters stand for : Introducing the new material Metacognitive questioning Practicing Reviewing Obtaining mastery on higher and lower cognitive processes Verification Enrichment and remedial The important thing in IMPROVE is the approach in problem solving. Students are able to approach a scenario with a systematic method which first and foremost addresses the question of what is the issue at hand. They then investigate to find out how different the problem is from others and what the best strategies are to solve it. As can be seen from all the studies mentioned, metacognition is an area of development that has a lot of room for growth. Animals which have been shown to have metacognitive abilities can be researched further in order to discover if this is something widespread within the animal kingdom, and if not, then what actually determines metacognition of a species. With children too, the theory of the mind is interesting and further studies should be carried out to determine if there are other areas of their lives that can benefit from improved research on Metacognition 10 metacognition. For example, are high levels of metacognition genetic? Does diet affect levels of metacognition? What role does disease play in metacognition? It would also be interesting to see new research in the study techniques of students. More than anyone else, their place in society is critical because they take over reins in business, government and the civil society within only a few years after leaving college. Their overall performance in school is therefore a top priority. Of serious concern should be when study techniques should begin to be taught and how they would be standardized. Additionally, quantifying the use of metacognition as advocated for by Lippman (2005), needs to generate more study. If his research is anything to go by, then the approach to metacognition training must also address, not just the amount of metacognition ability gained, but also how it is channeled to productive use. This is an area that can prove very challenging and rewarding because teaching metacognition techniques is one thing, but being able to teach the type of techniques that can produce quantifiable measures cannot be easy. However, it is possible that the same metacognition graduates will discover new methods and strategies to impart more abilities in metacognition. Metacognition 11 References Elementary Teachers’ Federation of Ontario (2009). Metacognitive Skills. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. etfo. ca/Multimedia/Webcasts/SpecialEducation/Pages/Metacognitive%20Skills. aspx Hampton, R (2009). Multiple demonstrations of metacognition in nonhumans: Converging evidence or multiple mechanisms? Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://psyc. queensu. ca/ccbr/Vol4/Hampton.pdf. Kornell, Nate (2009, February). Metacognition in Humans and Animals. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www3. interscience. wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122212734/HTMLSTART Lippmann, K. , Danielsson, A. & Linder, C. (2005, August). Metacognition in the student Laboratory : Is increased metacognition necessarily better? Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www. anst. uu. se/rekun676/meta. pdf Loh, A (2009, July). Using Metacognition Learning to Make Children Smarter. Retrieved on July 29, 209 from http://www. brainy-child. com/articles/metacognition-learning.shtml Mevarech Z. & Kramarski, B. ( 2003). Mathematical Modeling and Meta-cognitive Instruction. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. icme-organisers. dk/tsg18/S32MevarechKramarski. pdf Metacognition 12 Mevarech, Z. & Kramarski, B. (2003). Metacognitive Questioning and the use of Worked Examples. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www. memory-key. com/StudySkills/IMPROVE. htm Peirce, W (2004, November). METACOGNITION: Study Strategies, Monitoring, and Motivation. Retrieved on July 29, 2009, from http://academic. pgcc. edu/~wpeirce/MCCCTR/metacognition.htm ScienceDaily (2008, August). Young Children’s ‘Theory Of Mind’ Linked To Subsequent Metacognitive Development In Adolescence. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/08/080814154429. htm Serendip (2009). Metacognition. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/exchange/wfrankli/ii09/metacognition Smith, D & Washbum, D. (2005, February). Uncertainty Monitoring and Metacognition by Animals. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www3. interscience. wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118706297/HTMLSTART