Equity of Trade Versus Free Trade Essay -- essays papers

Equity of Trade Versus Free Trade The U.S. has a huge trade imbalance with most handicraft nations. The imbalance is not in agriculture, although many food products -- both raw and processed -- enter the U.S. at prices below those for comparable U.S.-grown foodstuffs. To a large course the imbalance is in manufactured goods. One reason is that many nations have lower costs of production -- based upon a lower standard of living, sordid labor, inexpensive raw materials, protective government policy, etc. Multinationals who have moved their plants to international locations enjoy the best of both worlds -- inexpensive manufacturing costs and unlimited feeler to the worlds biggest consumer market, the USA. Our laissez-faire trade stance, when coupled with many nations protective trade stances and the inherent disparity of living standards around the world, is proving to be a recipe for ever-increasing trade deficits. alter the situation, GATT and NAFTA are proving difficult to implement when other nations improvise phony trade issues and drag their feet at every opportunity. Bottomline, the U.S. is having problems with free trade.There is an alternative to free trade. Its called righteousness OF TRADE. It would work like this Under equity of trade, if the nation or other traffic entity in question wants to export some manufactured item or food product into this country, and if the item in question is priced lower than a comparable item manufactured or grown in the U.S., then the trading entity is required to pay a tariff (import duty) at the Port of Entry that equals the difference between the landed-price of the good and the averold age cost of a comparable American-made good. display case A shirt made in Sri Lanka lands on U.S. shores with a cost of $15, go a comparable shirt made in the U.S. would cost $25. The foreign entity would then pay a tariff of $10 per shirt. However, instead of good ol Uncle Sam pocketing the tariff income on behalf of the federal government (which its not entitled to and which creates ill-will and does goose egg to foster long-range, mutually-beneficial trading relationships), deposit the collected tariff monies into an interest-bearing trading account in a U.S. bank in the exporting nations name (or companionship or any other entity). Then give the foreign trading entity 12 months to redeem the trade credit and accrued interest by purcha... ... up the habit (Roberts). The surprising thing is that these kids know that they are being influenced by cigarette advertising. If these kids know that this advertising is manipulating them, why do they still keep take? The ads are everywhere, especially in teen-oriented magazines, such as Rolling Stone and Spin. The ads also fuel some of the reasons the children gave for starting. They represent rebellion, independence, acceptance and happiness. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we split the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Children are the most valuable commodity we are given in life. Lets try to educate them while theyre young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayed by the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body.

Defending our Nation Against Terrorism :: America Terrorism Argumentative Essays

Defending our Nation Against Terrorism As a member of the US Navy and a servant to the armed forces of the US, the past four or five months have been almost heartbreaking as I have watched the world take shots at the domination of US foreign policy. To think about the US Military as a potential or even acting terrorist makes me sick as I believe that I am serving to protect ideals such as freedom and democracy. However, there are many that look to the red, white and blue of the Americas as an aggressor against world peace and not as a linch-pin in the search for the global sustainment of order. This idea of aggression can be plump for up by many examples, however, I would like to take this time to try and point out the good that comes from military intervention and disregard, just for a minute, the inability of the US to respect global sovereignty of various nations. It is through this explanation of service to the world in which I will defend myself as I try desperate ly to defend my nation. To begin with, a sense of duty was instilled in many Americans from the day they could first watch and hear the gladiola ceremonies held throughout the nation. A deep history of revolutionary blood and a restless search for inner-peace with our nation governed the formation of these 50 peaceful states. The emergence of the US as a dominant global power forced new responsibilities upon us as we entered the 20th century. It was the age of imperialism and the US jumped in headfirst in expanding her empire without tears, as William Cohen stated, into all parts of the global economy. This intrusion of US economic welfare and constraint angered many but it overly helped many third world nations to regain their confidence in both their identity and in their people as a whole. It was from this period which we entered the World Wars and turn out to many that we could be the guiding force in the spread of Democracy. The post War era saw the birth of the M arshall plan and one of the biggest replication projects in the history of the world began in Western Europe as the US tried to right the wrongs that WWII ingrained in so many peoples heads.

Albert Einstein Essay -- physics biography bio

Although there are other very interesting physicists who pee contributed to the scientific world, I decided to do some research on Albert Einstein. You may have heard funny stories of his quirkiness like not wearying socks, or you may have seen posters of him with his wild, untamed hair.I have wondered what Einstein is rattling like. What was the personality of this man who was so incredibly smart? And if he really was that smart, why would he treat his hair and feet so poorly?This web page gives a bit of insight to the highly famed physicist. There is a basic overview of the his accomplished theories. Also, I provide a timeline of Einsteins invigoration. His views and politics are a little less known, but what Im including here that is difficult to find at other web sources is Alberts personality.So, if you are bored with reading about his theories, when he was born, married and died... check out the personality section and discover Einsteins character.The year 1905 is referred to as annus mirabilis (miracle year) because it is the year in which Einstein introduces the theories that make him famous at the young age of 26.First, in his Special Theory of Relativity, he demonstrates that distance and time are not absolute but vary with the proximity of one object to another.Example for a person living in eye socket around the Earth, time would pass more slowly than if he/she were living at sea level. The difference is not great, but it is still there and this is collect to the variance in gravity with respect to earth.This would mean Isaac Newton was wrong, although his theories still generally hold for calculating dynamics close to Earth.Also, Einstein takes on the issue of light and by the time he publishes the pa... ...al libety, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Political liberty implies the freedom to express ones political opinions orally and in writing tolerance implies respect for either and every individual opinion .These conditions do not obtain in Germany at the present time. Those who have done close for the cause of international understanding, among them some of the leading artists, are being persecuted there.Any social organism can become physically distempered just as any individual can, especially in times of difficulty. Nations usually survive these distempers. I hope that healthy conditions will soon supervene in Germany and that in future her great men like Kant and Goethe will not merely be commemorated from time to time but that the principles which they taught will also preail in public life and in the general consciousness.

A Whale Hunt :: essays research papers

Envision the Makah nation before white men came to reduce their lands, diminished their way of life, and contaminate them with invigorated diseases. The Makah tribe was once free to roam along the dark sandy beaches of the Olympic Peninsula and experience the fiery glow of the sinking sun creep into the depths of the grand Pacific Ocean. They are no longer able to undergo this majestic cycle in the same tranquility that their ancestors once did. After dealing with the inequities that were brought upon them by the European settlers, such as being forced to speak a new language and being confined to a minute area of land, that cannot equalize to the greatness of the territory where they once lived. On top of that their traditional whale hunt was abstracted from their community. Now with the chance to hunt again, the Makah faced a vexed decision against the opposition. The Makah tribe decided to return to hunting the whale in attempt to restore their culture and traditions. They ag reed not to use the hunt for moneymaking(prenominal) purposes and to hunt the whale in the same way their ancestors did. I think the Makah nation should be able to hunt the whale as means of transmutation their culture and pride. The whale hunt provides the Makah with the ability to restore their culture and traditions, provide reparations for Americas mistreatment, all while following strict guidelines for the crew and the process of taking the whale. The Makahs decision to hunt the whale produced hostile reactions among the many supporters of the whale. Protestors from around the world arrived in mass. They were very unsympathetic, rude, and even aggressive toward the Makahs. An example of this is shown by their behavior toward the Makahs genuinely soon, a woman shouted at the crew, Real men dont kill animals Only a coward kills whales You are a coward and a unmanlike Another woman shouted that the Makah shouldnt have special rights just because they were Indians. Another woma n said her soul was connected to the soul of the gray whale. (Sullivan 136) This shows the sensation that the protestors brought to the controversy against the hunt. Their argument is that the whale is sacred to them too, and that slaughtering the whale is a criminal act. Everybody involved in the hunt is not perfect, but everybody deserves a chance.

Analysis of Robert Frosts Desert Places Essay -- Robert Frost Desert

Analysis of Robert Frosts renounce PlacesRobert Frosts Desert Places is a testament to the harrowing nature of solidarity. By subjecting the narrator to the final moments of daylight on a ashen evening, an understanding about the nature of blank spaces and emptiness becomes guratively illuminated. The poems loneliness has the ability to transcend nature and drill a hole through the mind of the narrator so that all hope for relationships with human beings and nature are abandoned. In the outset stanza, ?snow? and ?night? are juxtaposed to create a champion of loneliness and emptiness. Meaning is derived from the effects they have on their surroundings and on the narrator. Here, snow has the qualities of an arid and formless white sheet. Anything it covers immediately loses shape and form. Snow blankets the grime to hide what is there, leavingnothing but a blank slate where more vigorous objects have been seen before. Night parallels the snow in that it obscures v ision and generates an absence seizure of light. These two stark agents of oblivion occupy their surroundings to create the effect of emptiness. The effect of speed upon the nature of the snow and night startles the narrator in the first line ?Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast? (1). They both fall with such rapidity that the narrator almost misses the effects of the braces on the field he ?looked into going past? (2). The envelopment of the narrator?s surroundings becomes a jarring experience, as he/she only has a a few(prenominal) moments to observe what is happening. The narrator is able to observe only the ?few weeds and stubble showing last,? (4) as the dense blanket created by the ominous pair becomes apparen... ...nkind is doomed by his/her own thought. The ability of nature to obstruct vision mirrors mans? ability todisplace meaning. Man can eliminate nature, god, or fellow man using this method, though this will leave us to be as lonely and meaning less as the blank spaces that surround the void of infinity. The poem calls into misgiving mans? ability to create meaning from his/her surroundings. Is mankind really so desolate and lonely? ?Desert Places? shows us that loneliness dominates in the absence of light. A shake statement about the bottomless pit of loneliness is found within the repetition, absence of description, and domineering nature of internalized despair in Robert Frost?s ?Desert Places.? Works CitedFrost, Robert. The Poetry of Robert Frost, ed Edward Connery Lathem.New York Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1969.

Stock Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Stock Picks and AnalysisChoosing two profitable stocks amongst a myriad of potential alternatives is a daunting task to say the least. In cast to narrow my choices from thousands to two, I examined several aspects of companies I was interested in. Among these were, company overview, alpha and genus Beta ratings, price ratios, price charts, and company headlines. After evaluating this information, I chose Intuit INC (INTU) listed on the NASDAQ and Johnson and Johnson (JNJ) listed on the NYSE.Intuit, Inc.Intuit, Inc. is a provider of small business, tax preparation and personal finance software products and Web-based services that simplify complex financial tasks for consumers, small businesses and write up professionals. The Companys principal products and services include restore, QuickBooks, Quicken TurboTax, ProSeries, Lacerte and Quicken Loans. Intuit offers products and services in five principal business divisions which include Small Business, Tax, Personal Finance, Quicken Loans and Global Business (Market Guide).Intuit develops, sells and supports small business accounting, tax preparation and consumer finance desktop software products, financial supplies, and Internet-based products and services for individuals and small businesses. This past monetary year ended on 7/31/02 and revenues rose 18% to $1.36 billion. Net income from continuing operations totaled $69.8 million vs. a loss of $118.1 million. Results reflected higher(prenominal) quicken loans division sales and lower acquisition-related charges. (Market Guide) Inuit has continually met or surpassed previous financial estimates in a time when most companies are barely staying kayoed of the red.On 9/8/02 Inuit, Inc had an Alpha rating of .0084 indicating it was performing better than previously estimated. Intuit also had a Beta rating of .24 indicating its volatility had decreased. This beta indicates that the company could possibly increase or decrease .76% less than the index. Due to this small Beta, Intuit is of relatively low risk as it is independent of the communicate of the index. Inuit has a Relative Performance Rating of 53.81. This stock overperforms the NASDAQ 100 INDEX by 53.81 %. Intuit has gained 7.29% since December 31.The current price of Inuit was $45.900 with a P/E of 29.61. The stocks fair value using its P/E Ratio was dismal at $24.58. From a fundamentalist view the stock should be sol... ...On September 25, it announced a large clinical trial showed its experimental devices to treat clogged heart arteries performed significantly better than current technology. Doctors and analysts expect the refreshful technology to revolutionize the treatment of coronary artery disease. Although many analysts downgraded Johnson and Johnson from a strong buy to outperform Monday, they still site it as a fair buy.Johnson and Johnson has been trading above both its 50 and 200 day averages and is promising. Its current market arrangement is very attractive as it may become a market leader when the DOW turns around. Johnson and Johnsons undervalued price, market position, and earnings make it a good pick in a sea of ambiguity.After considering the market position I have decided to take a moderate risk approach. I will allocate 40% of my resources to Johnson and Johnson and 30% to Intuit, Inc. The remaining 30% I will hold in cash. Although the saying Cash is trash, applies to a bull market, I am still apprehensive as to when this turnaround will occur. For at one time I will benefit by holding cash, but if the market turns at the end of our two month period as many analysts believe, I will lose out.

Ap Psychology Intelligence

Intelligence In my high school your newsworthiness aim is based on your ability to master material in difficult courses, which is quite different to people the same age in the Amazon rain down forest. Their intelligence information level is based on their knowledge of the medicinal properties of local plants. In both of these very different locations intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, crystallize problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. General intelligence is also known as the g factor. To be labeled as intelligent would jibe with a high g factor.There atomic number 18 also the theories of multiple intelligences, which include Gardners eight intelligences and Sternbergs tercet intelligences. Gardners eight intelligences include abilities in linguistics, logical-mathematics, music, spatial aw arness, body-kin esthetics, social relations, interpersonal relations, and nature. Gardner views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in differ ent packages. For example, in the cases of people with Savant Syndrome who often score low on intelligence testing, moreover have one atomic number 18a of intense brilliance, such as the Rain Man.Sternbergs three intelligences include Analytical(academic problem-solving), Creative intelligence, and Practical intelligence. Analytical intelligence is assessed by intelligence testing, with question having only one correct answer. Creative intelligence is shown by how people react to new situations and create new ideas. Practical intelligence is requisite for every day problem-solving, with problems having many possible answers. Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. Exceptionally high scores on intelligence tests support the presence of high creativity.Sternberg identified five components of creativity, which include Expertise(well developed knowledge base), Imaginative thinking skills, A venturesome personality, Intrinsic motivation, and a yea sty environment. To boost your creativity it is best to develop your expertise by finding something that you are passionate intimately and become an expert on it. Next, you need to lay off clip for incubation, which means, give your mind plenty of time and rest to make connections with the wealth of knowledge you have exposed yourself to. Then, you need to set aside time to let your mind roam freely.That means television, computers, and video games are off the table. Instead, go for a walk, jog, or meditate. Lastly and most importantly, experience other cultures and shipway of thinking. Travel to many different countries and soak up the culture through common activities and quality time spent with native peoples. Emotional intelligence has quaternion main components, which include, perceiving emotions(to recognize them in faces, music, and stories), understanding emotions(to predict them and how they change and blend), managing emotions(to know how to express them in varied sit uations), and using emotions to enable adaptive or inventive thinking.Those who are emotionally intelligent are often more successful in careers, marriage, and parenting situations, as compared to academically smart people. It is believed that there is a strong correlativity between brain size and intelligence. For example, Lord Byrons brain was approximately two pounds heavier than the normal three pound brain. In another case Albert Einsteins brain was study and was found to be 15% larger in the parietal lobes lower region, which is the area for mathematical and spatial processing. How fittingAnother strong correlation lies between neural processing speed and intelligence. This correlation is the result of one of two possibilities. Perhaps people who process more quickly accumu slowly more information, or processing speed and intelligence share an underlying genetic influence. How is intelligence touch ond, and then disposed(p) a numerical value? Tests are made by psychologis ts, but what makes the tests themselves credible? The whole idea of testing intelligence came about around the same time that France made it mandatory for children to attend school.To know what children compulsory special schooling, a test to determine mental age was created by Binet. Mental age is the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance, typically associated with a certain chronological age. For example, an average seven year old would have a mental age of seven, but if a seven year old is above average he/she may have a mental age of eight or above. The test created to determine mental age is referred to today as the Stanford-Binet, it is the American revision of the original intelligence test.Using the mental age a persons intelligence quotient(I. Q. ) can be determined. I. Q. Is the symmetry of mental age to chronological age all multiplied by 100. There are two main types of modern tests to test mental abilities, and they are achi evement tests and aptitude tests. Achievement tests are designed to assess what a person has learned. Examples of achievement tests include course exams, intelligence tests, and drivers license exams. Aptitude tests are designed to predict a persons future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn.Examples of aptitude tests are the S. A. T. and the A. C. T. What are the principles of intelligence test construction? To understand this we stolon need to understand standardization and the normal curve. Standardization is defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. The normal curve is the harmonious bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall bordering the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. Next, we need to understand reliability and validity.It is very important to have reliability in standardized testing. Reliability is the extent to which a test gives consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. High reliability does not promise a tests validity. Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. What are dynamics of human intelligence? They are about the stability over the life span of a person, and about the extremes of intelligence. As you age your intelligence can either increase or decrease, as it is all in your power.Intelligence in correlation with aging comes in three stages Phase I Cross-Sectional Evidence for intellectual decline, Phase II Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability, and Phase III It all Depends. Phase I concludes that the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general aging process of the organism as a whole. Phase II concluded that until late in life, intelligence remained stable, sometimes even increasing. For example, John Rock developed the birth control pill at age 70, and Frank Lloy d Wright designed N. Y. C. s Guggenheim Museum at age 89Phase III concluded a persons crystallized intelligence increases until you die, but a persons fluid intelligence decreases beginning briefly after the twenties and very rapidly after age 85. The correlation between intelligence and age all comes down to phase III it very does all depend In conclusion, there are many factors when determining the levels of intelligence of human beings. Some of them are creativity, emotional intelligence, testing methods, age, and many more. Whether you are an American high school student, or a teenager in the Amazon rainforest determining intelligence is very much the same.

Ethical Standards for Human Research Essay

Ethical standards in human look into should be followed strictly as they encourage the participants of the process to get twisty in experiment as far as these standards are met. The ethical standards ensure that the risk of infections he/she can be exposed to are taken perplexity of to ensure maximum benefit at the give the axe of the exercise. While accessing risks to benefits wagered in the course of experiment one should determine how overmuch risk is acceptable and how much benefit is necessary. The participant should be willing to accept some risks which one may encounter during experiment.These risks should not exceed the importance of experiment for they will be creating more harm to participant than benefit of the problem being solved. In determining the risks and benefits that participant might face one should ensure that the risks should not press the benefits. First, one should access the benefits since the participant can agree thee processes to continue based wh at benefits he/she can get as compared to the risks he/she is exposed to. If look forer prestidigitator that the risks are more than benefit he/she can discontinue the process and find a better processes which minimizes the risks and maximizes the benefit.One can determine how much the risks are accepted by the willingness of participant to undergo the processes. Benefits should be necessary since the participant cannot agree the procedure to be carried on which does not benefit him/her. How much risk can be accepted by participant should be kept minimal and one should allow the participant to give full voluntary to participants. Participants should similarly come show up of the experiment unharmed. Deception in research should always be avoided at the participant may fail to undertake the process if he/she find out that he is being deceived in any way.But centrally to this falsification can be allowed in research under polar circumstances. For example, when deceptive techniqu es are justified by the type of research one is carrying out. This can only be done when no other method without deceit can be applied. Also researcher should disclose all the aspects of research and should not deceive the participant on some aspects that can lead to him or her rejecting the research processes. Incase the researcher has no alternative and has to use deception the participant should be aware of it and agree or disagree to carryon with the procedure out of his or her own will.The end never justifies the mean used to achieve it. This precept signifier that the way one terminate or come to an end of any given process its not always justified by the methods used to achieve it. This is because in the course of processed one can encounter some difficulties or end up creating some mistakes and if corrected, the final result do not incorporate the mistake done. An example in history where this principle was violated is the law that dealt with human protection. This law was m eant to protect different groups, for example, children and prisoners, pregnant mother.Therefore in this procedures are just carried out which are meant to bring onward good outcome but this was violated since many researcher do not consider there different groups of people. Another example is Tuskegee Syphilis conduct where the researcher exposed the concept of justice. In this the benefits of study were restricted to those who could afford them and therefore less participation was experienced (Gilbert Horrax 1952). Various issues are presented when carrying out research involving human subject.There issues include Invasion of privacy, Any study carried out on human should be taken with a lot of privacy so as not to expose the details of your finding. This encourages participant to be more willing to participate. Also the practice should be taken with a lot of confidentiality in that the findings are known between the researcher and the participant only. Other issues such as stre ss and discomfort should be avoided on participant and therefore the research should be carried out with a lot of ease.

Macbeth and Macduff Essay

Macbeth explains that skirt Macbeth hates her weak self. Make thick me blood. (1544). bird Macbeth wants to feel no emotion she wants to fracture being a woman and become a more dominant factor. In this case she wants to become a man. Shakespeare supports his explanation by asking Lady Macbeth ask the spirits to change her, Come to my womans breast/ and take y milk for gall. (1548-49), she doesnt want what she has because it is of no long-life use to her gall. The authors purpose it to inform that Lady Macbeth is the true killer and is using Macbeth as a puppet. The author writes in a dominant tone to show Lady Macbeths feeling toward change. First, Shakespeare portrays an ominous image in Lady Macbeths soliloquy, The raven himself is hoarse. (1537-38). She talks of the time to come death of the king. The Raven being the messenger who announces death.The cacophonous word hoarse portrays the ravens speech and harsh tone of voice. Then, there is a height in the balance of the heg emonic structure in the play. That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. (1551). Lady Macbeth knows hat she is not supposed to corroborate a keen knife, perhaps not a knife at all. A woman, in her right place, should not be keen. She must admit and let her husband have all the control. Where as Lady Macbeth wants to be the one with all the power. The cacophonous diction that Shakespeare uses for the Lady Macbeth. That tend on mortal Ruiz2 thoughts (1540). Lady Macbeths uses the harsh t expresses her self loathing toward her self and her weakness. Nor keep peace between (1545). There is an eerie e in force(p) portrayed in this line. Shakespeares Macbeth portrays the dominance women have. The dominance and the plan that Lady Macbeth has over her own husband. She uses this power to her advantage. Throughout the play Shakespeare reveals through more images of Lady Macbeths dominant power.

Beauty

What is Beauty? Everyone facial expressions at beauty differently and everyone has his or her own definition of it. In todays society beauty is chancen as a persons psychical appearance, what clothes they wear, their hair and make-up, and even the shape of their body. The World English Dictionarys first definition states beauty as the combination of all qualities of a person or thing that delights the senses and pleases the mind. (Beauty N. pag. ) I agree with this definition because I believe beauty goes deeper than the appearance of a person that it is the combination of all a persons qualities.Too many flock do non see beauty for what it really is besides only see it as a psychical quality. Beauty is more than skin deep beauty is unselfishness, gratefulness, courage, unselfish lovemaking, and happiness. A persons beauty is not something that should be measured on how they appear physically, only if is something that should be measured on their kindness. Peoples kindness g it show them for who they really are showing their true beauty. To be kind is to be generous and caring of others. It is creation able to help others when they take it, to be respectful of everyone, and to show fairness no matter what.Kindness is beauty because kindness is a person showing respect for the feelings of another individual. It is to be sensible of their actions and how their actions are affecting others. They treat others the way they hope to be treated. Ninon de LEnclos said That which is striking and glorious is not always good, but that which is good is always beautiful (N. pag). I believe this is how people should describe and see beauty today because beauty should be seen not how people see each other, but as how people treat one other.Beauty is not the type or musical mode of clothes a person wears, but beauty is being grateful. It is people being thankful and appreciative. For their family and friends, for the stuff their parents provide for them. Gratefulne ss is beauty because people who are grateful acknowledge what they stir been given in life and are not greedy for more but are happy for what they have. people who are grateful have beauty because they are not unappreciative or unappreciated but they say thank you when they receive a gift or service no matter how little or small it was. This is beauty because eople should look at beauty as the actions of others whether they are appreciative or selfish. Beauty is not dependent on the shape of a persons body, but it is the unselfish love they have and share to others. People who are able to love everyone in their life without judging or mistreating others have beauty. Unselfish love is being able to love people for who they are and not strive to change them but to accept them for everything they are. Unselfish love is being able to ordinate someone elses needs first, and to care for others no matter who they are.This is beauty because people should see beauty should be seen on the love that people have on one other. It can be a difficult task to have unselfish love and not many people today can say they are able to go without judging others or being hurtful. Beauty is having courage. Beauty is people having the courage to place upright up for what they believe in no matter what other say or do. It is people being able to look past what others want them to do or think and to do what is right for themselves and others.It is being able to go for their goals no matter how frightening the journey looks. Courage is beauty because people with courage are able to stand up for themselves, to go for their dreams, and to do the right thing no matter what. People should see this as beauty because courage is nothing small it takes a strong person to have courage in life. Beauty is how a persons hair and makeup looks, but it is a persons happiness. people with happiness are able to show joy and satisfaction in their lives. They are over all happy not only with themselves but also with life.Happiness is beauty because to be happy is to have the feeling of delightfulness and contentment. When people have happiness that does not mean that they will never get execrable or down occasionally, but it means that they will be able to push past the down times in their life and remember that tomorrow is always a new day. A person with happiness will remember to keep their head up because they know things will get better. Everyone has his or her own definitions of beauty. Some people see beauty as the appearance of a person.They think that beauty is defined as the type or style of clothes they have, or how their hair and makeup look, and some even define beauty as the shape of a persons body. However, some people are more like me and define beauty by what is on the inside. Some believe beauty comes from a persons personality or their characteristics. As Kevyn Aucoin says, beauty has a lot to do with character. (N. pag. ). I agree with Kevyn Aucoin, I do not t hink that beauty should be looked at as the physical appearance of a person. I believe beauty is a persons kindness, gratefulness, courage, unselfish love, and their happiness.

Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Essay

For so long, businesses tend to overlook the repercussions of their actions. They are so focused at maximizing the potential profits and minimizing the costs that the negative environmental, economic and friendly impacts of their operations are non considered. Nowadays, in an era wherein citizens are looking at the morals of companies, CSR or corporate social responsibility initiatives are the sore trend regarding business ethics. Companies set up foundations and the like to create and implement CSR programs to show that they are also concerned about our society and the world that we cash in ones chips in.The writings on corporate social responsibility by Hewlett Packard and Toshiba are the ones that are going to be looked at in this paper. Both reports are remarkable scarce I am more impressed with Toshibas report. HPs report has provided an easier way of understanding and locating the key and germane(predicate) information compulsory than Toshibas report but Toshiba has pr ovided greater amount of details in the unwaverings initiatives and the issues are covered more effectively than HPs.The reports keep up shown a great deal of presenting their performance on issues relating to the environment, economy, and society as specific details of their programs towards these areas are also shown in the report allowing an assessment of these. I trust the reports of these two companies because it would be unethical to make fraudulent claims on ethical reports. It would be a big backlash on the companys integrity and honesty. The report of HP has not presented details as to whether it is audited but independent parties or not.On the other hand, Toshibas report is audited by Shinnihon faithfulness Assurance Inc. (SIAI) as to the compliance of the report to fundamental provisions of AA 1000 relating to the firms accountability to its stakeholders and if the report is put together based on the GRI Guidelines requirement. (www. corporateregister. com). Toshiba al so presented the eco-efficiency report done by Shin Nihon Environmental Management and Quality Research Institute Co. , Ltd. so that an impartial and reliable report is assured (www.corporateregister. com).International standards and codes are becoming more popular nowadays due to their CSR nature. These standards are aimed at promoting environmentally and socially aware companies the guidelines presented in them. Toshiba has received enfranchisement for ISO 9000 and 14000-series. Currently, they are working into adopting the ISO 9001 or the certification on quality management system and implementing the ISO 14001 or the certification on environmental management system (www. corporateregister. com).They incur been guided by the principles of the UN Global wedge and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, and have consistently been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) which is geared towards socially accountable invest (www. corporateregister. com). On the other hand, HP has implemented the standards from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OEDC) Guidelines which are aimed at protecting the confidentiality and transfer of personal information from customer and employees as these are increasingly becoming a problem in the information technology industry (www.hp. com). They have also been guided by the principles of the UN Global Impact (www. hp. com). The initiatives are consistent with the core competencies of the firms because they are not just geared towards external works such as donations etc. They also focused on the internal aspects of their company like requiring their suppliers to adhere to CSR programs or that they use a system wherein they would be able to collect and recycle their used products from customers.These would give them an stop number hand than their competitors who are not implementing CSR internally. These also became consistent with the companys core values because of its orienta tion at improving the standards and code of conduct with the firms premises. Applying CSR internally in the companys operation is a remarkable thing. This is because it bears cost that could mean a decrease in the firms profits than is expected. Whereas if the company would just donate, the amount of money that they will give is already fixed.For example, $10 million is allotted to the recycling program of the company but due to unforeseen events like unexpected cost for implementing the program it bloated to $100 million. Whereas if they had just donated the $10 million, they would not have incurred additional cost and their operation not jeopardized. I would say that HP should include the international standards certifications and benchmarks that their company has on their CSR report. They should also get a third party point of view with regards to the auditing of their report to show the transparency in their report.As for Toshiba, I would say that they should not clutter too muc h information to their CSR report. They should only include those that are relevant to which is related to the CSR initiatives of the company. They should also get more independent auditing. Although they have third party perspectives for their AA 1000 and their eco-efficiency, there are still other international standards or benchmark claims in the report that needs to be audited and certified true by pertinent authority.

Henry Iv – Moral Centre

Hanh-Thy Chau 2M N. Wittlin February 25, 2003 ENG2DB-02 A Revision of Morality in Shakespeares Henry IV, pct adept Who is the moral centre in Shakespeares Henry IV, give out one? This will ceaselessly be a question challenging the intentions of Shakespeares literature. However, didnt Wittlin say dont start with however else its after a semi-colon the question in this revision of morality in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part one is, is there even a moral center in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part one?Humanity is incapable of peremptory probity therefore, there is no moral centre in Henry IV, Part one since the three major characters, King Henry, Prince Hal, and Sir John Falstaff, are all evenhandedly morally flawed. Shakespeare reveals the imperfection of humane nature through the behaviour of his these characters. First of all, King Henry sets a presumed reputation as the religious, loved and strong draw of England in Henry IV, Part one for his subjects. However, his supposed virtues a re only results of his concealed faults. Ironically, the King can be quite blasphemous, despicable, and pathetic.Throughout the play, Henry is manifestly repenting for his conduct in his acquirement of the British thr avouch. This is shown in his belief of whether God will have it so, /To punish my King Henrys mistreadings (III. ii. 4-11) and that God pardon (III. iii. 29) Hal for his unpunished sins of his disconsolate company. Furthermore, King Henrys disgraceful conduct clearly reveals the false reception of love from his subjects. This is especially revealed in his relationship based on conditional love with Prince Hal. His opinion of Hal, which changed from a state of riot and dishonour (I. i. 4) to one of charge and sovereign (III. iii. 161), is only established on restricted affection and Hals social image, preferably than a personal generosity between parent and child. In addition, another of King Henrys loathsome features is again shown through his attainment of the thr one deceitful behaviour. Furthermore, the Kings pathetic nature is revealed by his insecurity. The play begins with the King expressing his paranoid worries, be so shaken and macabre with care (I. i. 1-2), accordingly presenting the audience with its first impression of the supposedly strong leader.King Henry deceitfully attempts to use the chase of the pagans in these holy palm/for our Englands advantage (I. i. 24-27) to distract the civil providedchery (I. i. 13) back home in England. Overall, the liveliness events of King Henry IVs does not present a very moral reputation for a man of worthy of such power and prestige. Secondly, Prince Hal clearly shows both positive aspects and negative aspects, as his character undergoes enormous change in Henry IV, Part one. Hal gives the audience the impression of his intentions to throw off (I. iii. 05) his uncouthly behaviour moral to please the King, the alleged victim in Henry IV, Part one. Hal believes he can find pardon on his tru e submission (III. ii. 28) by satisfy his fathers expectations for the thrones heir and discard the values of his loving surrogate father, Falstaff. As revealed in the previous quotation of pardoned submission, one of Hals admirable aspects is his open ability to conduct his faults however, it seems his judgement regarding the class, justice, and honour system remains stereotyped by knightly tradition.Although Prince Hals resultant persona is traditionally considered positive, Hals most commonly shown qualities in the play are characterized as manipulative, superficial and unemotional, all of which further reveal his immoral faults. Hals manipulative nature is exposed throughout Henry IV, Part one. Prince Hals manipulative intelligence is first revealed in his soliloquy, where he vows to falsify mens hopes/ andso offend to make offense a achievement (I. iii. 205-211).Hals aptitude for manipulating is further proven in his sudden abandonment of Falstaff and his low class company, a s foreshadowed when Hal symbolically states that by breaking through the unhealthful and ugly mistsmy Hals re variateationshall show more goodly (I. ii. 196-). In this quote, the clouds represent Falstaff and company and the beauty in reference to is the reformed Hal. An addition to Hals im amoral traits is his superficiality. Hals superficiality is shown in his judgement of physical image.This is shown in his constant vulgar references to Falstaffs obesity a fat-witted with drinking of old sack (I. ii. 2) and his abandonment of Falstaffs role in his life after his reformation. Hals commitment to the traditional expectations of honour results in the betrayal of Falstaffs hedonistic approach on life and his only endeavour is to please the man who had offered a pitiful excuse of love incomparable to what Falstaff had to offer unconditional love. These examples of Hals superficiality also realize Hals lack of sympathy for others.Hals cold behaviour towards others is shown in his hypo critical approach for Falstaffs hedonistic maybe use self-gratifying attitude. Hal is unaware of his own form of intemperance he strives to improve his own self-image at the expense of others. Despite Hals admirable traits as a respectable member of court, as a human being, Prince Hals amorality is quite apparent by the distinction of his fulfils. Lastly, despite Sir John Falstaffs self-gratifying lifestyle, he seems to be the most moral character in Henry IV, Part one, although not wholly moral because as previously addressed, human nature is inept of utter goodness.Due to Sir John Falstaffs philosophies, numerous have claimed to be fond of his self-indulging ways but admit the ridicule behind paying formal respect to such a person. Falstaff cleverly manipulates others for his own welfare however, it is only in good nature. This is proven in Act III scene iii, when Falstaff distorts the situation of his debt to Mistress Quickly into one of an accusation of her being the thief of his pickedpocket wasnt he really pick pocketed? (III. iii. 53), and more wittingly forgives her in the end as she goes to prepare his meal, intending no spite upon the hostess.Falstaff deceives, cowards not an action cannot be used in this senctense, drinks of old sack (I. ii. 2) and commits virtually every sin. Shakespeare masterfully moulds these negative aspects into unusual forms of virtue in Falstaffs character by showing that Falstaff means no harm. In doing this, Shakespeare cleverly twists the faults upon the regal members of society by building the play upon the disputes between themselves thus, showing the power of such shrewd issues, barely considered sinful, causing civil butchery (I. i. 13), whereas the sinful ways of Old Jack Falstaff (II. iv. 72) has no such effect. Although Falstaffs pleasure priorities may be rather farfetched, his giftis youthful irresponsibility, which moldiness be cherished even though it cannot last (p. xx). Falstaffs commonly repeated idea tha t young men must live (II. ii. 90) emphasizes his belief in the value of youthful irresponsibility and luxury. Shakespeare grants Falstaff the embodiment of human nature itself, excluding extreme wicked sins, leaving Falstaffs childlike benevolence untouched this is shown as he pompously states, I have more flesh than another man, and therefore more frailty (III. ii. 167-169). Falstaff serves as a bringer of human nature as he serves to foil all other characters therefore revealing everyone moral flaws yet remaining the most moral character overdue to his youthful benevolence. In conclusion, Shakespeare brilliantly provokes the audiences involvement in his plays by presenting them with intellectual trials to the mysteries of life. Because r u sure that u want to start a sentence with that absolute morality is unachievable, Shakespeare does not put forward a definite moral center in Henry IV, Part one.There will always be a balance of both positive and negative forces as the faults and virtues of King Henry, Prince Hal and Sir John Falstaff were discussed. This is very good. You explained your points well just a couple of minor mistakes but I think youll get a good mark. Sorry for not responding I was eating dinner sorry. Talk to you later ok. Bye Word compute 1 189 Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part one. Toronto Bantam Books, 1988

Coffee Industry Essay

From the disc everywherey of small, brightly colored red berries on trees in Ethiopia came the largest imported commodity in the world, second only to oil. The chocolate bean provides a aliment for over 20 cardinal people worldwide with an estimated worldwide retail gross sales expect to reverse by a compounded rate of 6. 9% from 2005-2010, r distributivelying $48. 2 jillion by 2010, fit to The U. S. Market for deep brown and Ready-to-Drink umber. 1 The twain main species of burnt umber beans argon Arabica and Robusta.Arabica is a uplifted-quality drinking chocolate typically freehanded at higher elevations where the optimal climatic conditions necessary to grow this long suit grade of cocoa tree ar found. Arabica deep brown is traded in two ways ? On the highly volatile New York C commercialise where the C expense is affected by the global supply as it rises and falls. The average C scathe for a pound of chocolate tree during fiscal 2005 was $1. 04. ? Higher- quality Arabica beans argon subprogramd in rarity hot chocolate. speciality c murderee berry berry represents 10 part of the total worldwide cocoa securities laborplace place place.Prices for specialty hot chocolate tree are higher than the C calls in order to provide better rates payable to producing farmers for quality. 2 According to the theme c get throughee experience in Volume 2005. 4 of Coffee Trax, as of December 2005, forecasts for the world coffee crossingion for 2005-2006 get out be 113. 1 jillion bags. Production is down 5. 5% over the actual 2004-2005 yields of 119. 8 million bags. Domestic consumption in producing countries in 2005-2006 is forecast to increase to 31. 2 million bags, indicating domestic mathematical function should be 9. 9% higher in 2005/06 than in 2004/05.Using the intimately online entropy, world coffee consumption for 2003/04 was 96. 5 million bags, up by 1. 8% over 2002/03s production. In 1999 thither were 108,000,000 coff ee consumers in the unite States go oning an approximated 9. 2 gazillion dollars in the retail sector and 8. 7 billion dollars in the foodservice sector every year (SCAA 1999 Market Report). It tidy sum be inferred, therefore, that coffee drinkers spend on average $164. 71 per year on coffee. The National Coffee Association found in 2000 that 54% of the adult population of the United States drinks coffee daily (NCA Coffee Drinking Trends Survey, 2000).They also account that 18. 12% of the coffee drinkers in the United States drink gourmet coffee beverages daily (NCA). In do- right(a)er to the 54% who drink coffee everyday, 25% of Ameri give the gates drink coffee occasionally (NCA). The average consumption per capita in the United States is around 4. 4 Kg. Among coffee drinkers (i. e. non per capita) the average consumption in the United States is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day (NCA). Per capita men drink approximately 1. 9 cups per day, whereas women drink an average of 1. 4 cups of coffee a day (NCA).The USDAs 2005/2006 December estimate for world exportable production is 82.0 million bags which is 10. 2% lower than 2004/05. Total U. S. imports were down 15% for the second to third bottom of 2005. Estimated roasts for the third quarter of 2005 were up to 4. 7 million bags compared to the second quarter but down by 5. 8% for the year-ago quarter. 3 retail prices were up from $3. 33 to $3. 40 for the average quarterly retail price of a pound of roast-and-ground coffee or 2. 1% after comparing the third-quarter 2005 to the second quarter. Compared to the year-ago quarter, average retail prices were up by 18. 1%, moving to $3. 40 from $2. 88.The average monthly retail price runs to be 20. 8% below its seven-year high of $4. 67 in August 1997. 1 attractive cover coffee is beginning to affect the economics of the coffee comminute. Coffee retailers to stand by maintain a sustainable supply of coffee are increasingly adopting the Fair Trade movement. o ver the years a coffee crisis has developed as supply has greatly exceeded demand. This puzzle of continued harvest-tide of retail pricing at the expense of the small coffee farmers has driven retailers deal Starbucks to create their own methods of providing higher profits to producing farms so that supply potful be maintained.Under a Fair Trade agreement producers are guaranteed a fair price consisting of a floor price of $1. 26 per pound and $1. 41 for certified organic coffee. 2 From 2002 to 2004, USAID invested over $57 million on coffee projects in over 18 countries in Latin America, East Africa and Asia in an effort to create sustainable supplies of coffee. Other movements such as Organic and Shade Tree coffee bewilder had similar goals to help with surroundingsal and quality concerns on the producing farms. 4 Coffee consumers are continuing to show a preference for tribute coffees. enchantment most brands bring in declined in sales during the past year, premium coffee s ingest managed growth, according to data from Information Resources Inc. , which measures sales through supermarkets drug stores and mass merchandise outlets. Ground coffees lost 1. 8 percent of sales for a category total of $1. 6 billion, but whole bean coffees were up 2. 2 percent. Starbucks grew in both segments, with a 13. 2 percent increase in ground coffee sales and 6. 4 percent in whole bean sales. 5 Retailers such as Starbucks in the specialty coffees use the highest-quality Arabica.Specialty coffee is a broad category of coffee positioned as the highest quality and/or roast with the ideal techniques or even coffee from picky plantations. Even though the overall U. S. coffee market has been sluggish lately, the specialty component has seen significant growth, with retail dollar sales approaching $9 billion in 2003. The segments sales in 2003 represented growth of 6. 7 percent over 2002s $8. 4 billion. In 2003, coffee cafes the approximately 11,240 retail locations incl uding seating, such as most Starbucks outlets generated $6. 1 billion in retail sales, or 68. 3 percent of the segments total.Coffee bean roasters and retailers the 1,350 sites with on-premise roasting accounted for 14 percent of sales with $1. 3 billion. Coffee retailers without seating, also known as kiosks, had sales of $810 million, which represented 9. 0 percent of the total. There were approximately 2,700 coffee kiosks operating in 2003. officious retailers (i. e. , carts) accounted for an appendageal 3. 2 percent of sales, with all other channels responsible for the rest. 6 Driving Forces in the Coffee Industry Competitive and fabrication conditions experience change due to the soak ups that are pressuring diligence participants to alter their actions.Competitors, customers, or suppliers are enticed to change their ways. Those with the biggest influence on patience structure and the competitive fabrication environment are driving force forces. The coffee manufact uring has four driving forces that originate in the industrial and competitive environment. A change in who buys the product and how they use it is one of the four driving forces in the coffee application. Shifts in buyer demographics and the way consumers use the product attain altered the competition for this constancy.The variation has prompted producers to broaden the product line and try different sales and promotion approaches. Changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles is the other driving force that ties in with the customer infrastructure and usage. Society is changing, with the freshly generations being a large influence. Parents, a huge factor in the lifestyle, attitudes, and opinions of their children, drink coffee and are, thus, promoting coffee to the offspring. These young persons are looking for caffeine to postponement them going through their increasingly busy days.At age 13, who k spic-and-span that coffee was deficiencyed to add to their ever-s o hyper lives? Coffee is established as a drink matureer people consume. Young people are invariably aspiring to be older than they are, so coffee is marketed in a different way to the jr. generations as specialty coffee and gourmet beverages. Marketing these drinks as cool and hip is also a successful method of attraction. Establishing faithfulty early while coffee drinkers are young go out match a prospective future for this industry. In addition, the use of coffee has changed over the years.Coffee was first marketed as a breakfast drink for the working parent to get a boost of energy for the day. As much women started joining the workforce, the coffee consumption increase. Throughout the years, an increasing amount of people started drinking coffee more frequently throughout the day. Today, it is non uncommon to see a person drinking a gourmet coffee drink at 1000 p. m. , as well as anytime throughout the day. Whenever you need that caffeine-boosted beverage or in effect (p) motive that coffee bean taste most love, consumers now can look for multiple types of coffee drinks to satisfy the craving.Growing buyer preferences for differentiated products sooner of standardized is the driving force that allows the product innovation to take lead in this industry. Due to consumers demand for more or lessthing different, companies in this industry needed to expand current products to fit customer needs and motivations. The success of product innovation of introducing coffee drinks and coffee flavors, made the choices for consumers grow. Consumers wanted more flavor and excitement, instead of the regular or decaffeinated options.During the red- tempestuous pass months, many a(prenominal) coffee lovers wanted the taste of coffee but were non fond of drinking a hot drink. Iced coffee drinks helped to solve that problem. Now, people can drink coffee anytime of the year. Many consumers do not just drink coffee in the morning, analogous the generations be fore meetings, study sessions, hanging out, talking amongst old friends and other events are all done through coffee drinking. Due to the buyer influences, the coffee industry has grown in all directions and continues to see a future with innovation and other driving forces dowry it along the way.Lastly, product innovation is a driving force that has allowed the coffee industry to grow. The competitive environment is fierce and product innovation is one of the key driving forces to stay on covering of the industrys market share. Coffee drinks were developed as an anytime coffee drink. Such drinks are Espressos, Cappuccinos, Frappaccinos, Lattes, and Mochas. Whether a consumer the wish wells it hot or cold is no difference now iced coffee is for those that do not feel like a hot cup. Black, White, Irish, Turkish and Americano are also other types of coffee to choose from.Flavored coffee is a pillar innovation to this product category allowing different consumers taste buds to run wild. Chocolate covered coffee beans are another innovation that expands the use of coffee in a nontraditional way, a snack. This industry growth has also allowed companies the fortune to promote to different consumer markets. Young and old purchasers, people that like hot or cold coffee, and those that like a coffee drink in the morning or evening are all targeted now that the product lines have broadened the scope of the industry.Product innovation has helped consumers differentiation issues, along with allowing them to drink it anytime of day they need an extra tasty boost of energy. In order to stay on top of the competitive environment in this industry, a company has to accept the driving forces and throw each one positive for the company in the long run. The following driving forces are influencing the coffee industry change in who buys the product and how they use it changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles growing buyer preferences for differentiated product s instead of standardized ones and product innovation.Each of these driving forces increases the competition in the industry. The increased demand for products, especially the new innovated ones, is an opportunity for profit baron as well. Because of the innovation, many people are expecting choices for the long run the companies that offer the products consumers want go out prosper. Competitive Analysis of the Coffee Industry Although there are many substitutes for coffee when it is regarded as nothing more than a liquid to drink, most people would agree that there are relatively few that would be considered viable substitutes to dedicated coffee drinkers.Historically, teas have been the greatest rival substitute for coffee, and just as there are specialty coffees, there are specialty teas as well. The key to coffee substitutes being successful in luring coffee drinkers over to their products is differentiation. While tea alone whitethorn be substantially differentiated from coff ee, a dedicated coffee drinker will need some strain of hook, or angle, to get them to try something different. Often this angle comes in the form of a doctor corpulent them to cut back on caffeine or to stay apart from coffee altogether.According to About. com the top five coffee substitutes are 1. )Roastaroma ? a tea blend of roast barley, roasted chicory root, and roasted carob, with spices cinnamon, allspice, and star anise. 2. )Genmaicha ? a green tea with roasted brown rice. 3. )Teechino ? made from roasted carob, roasted barley, and roasted chicory check offing figs, almonds, and dates. 4. )Cafix ? a freeze-dried grain drink made from barley and chicory. This drink is non-acidic and does not contain caffeine. 5. )Pero ? made from malted barley, chicory, and rye. Although coffee substitutes are readily available and caseably priced, traditional coffee drinkers are usually dedicated to coffee in general, if not one fussy brand. Therefore, buyers tend to view substitu tes as not adequately comparable alternatives. One of the coffee industrys greatest attributes is the loyalty of their customers. Buyers of coffee can be broken down into two groups individuals and businesses. An individual coffee drinker will have petty or no real spring to influence the industry or a particular seller beyond switching brands.The switching costs of individuals are virtually nothing therefore they can move between brands whenever they are dissatisfied with quality or price. Business buyers such as eatery chains, hotel chains, convenience stores, and supermarket chains have considerably more power than an individual buyer. This is simply due to economies of musical scale where a restaurant chain purchasing several thousand pounds a week will have more influence on a supplier than an individual buying one or two pounds per month. Supermarket chains are in a strong position as well, as they can offer as much or as bittie shelf space as they want.They can also switc h brands on shelf space, virtually without cost, to replace poor selling brands with other brands, which may have a higher sales rate. Therefore buyer power depends upon the quantity bought, as with many industries. The power of buyers may range from weak to strong or even fierce. The threat of new entrants into the coffee industry is somewhat strong. While entrants into large markets may not be many, the entry of small shops in topical anaesthetic markets offering specialty coffees has grown rapidly in the last several years.Entrants into the specialty coffee field of force have been lured in by rising demand of such coffee and attractive profit margins. While these local shops will not be able to compete with large corporations such as kraft, watch over & Gamble, or Starbucks on an international basis, they can account for some competition in local, difficult markets by offering a niche an alternative to corporate retailers with a less personable and hospitable atmosphere. Re tailers such as these tend to do well in more rural areas where major corporations may not wish to enter, or in areas where collegiate or more naturalistic atmospheres prevail.These areas may be less inclined to cater to large corporations. New entrants into the coffee industry are also confront with the obstacle of overcoming name brand loyalties. Although in some small specialty coffee markets a new brand with a unique name or style may do well, in most arenas coffee drinkers are extremely loyal to their brands when they are purchasing for home consumption. These buyers are not liable(predicate) to switch brands for superficial reasons. The competitive pressure from suppliers is relatively weak in the coffee industry.The individual coffee bean farmers have little control over the price of the coffee they sell. The worldwide market has little fluctuations and any that may occur have little effect on any one particular farm. Recently world coffee supply has been surpassing demand, which has taken even more power away from the suppliers who must compete with growers from around the world. The futures market provides security to firms purchasing beans from governments. By buying these futures contracts the company is declare to buy a certain amount of coffee at a stated price no matter what the overall market price may be at the time.The government selling the contracts is promise to provide the amount of coffee stated to the buyer at the stated price regardless of the current market price. Governments also have a role in determining supply as they can set regulations governing the number of trees that are planted, provide price subsidizing for farmers, and impose tariffs. Furthermore, the price of coffee beans has not been increasing at the same rate as the price of your average cup at a specialty shop, or as fast as inflation. In January of 1996 the price of coffee beans was $1. 02 per pound 7. cristal years later in January of 2006 the price has only incr eased to $1. 17 per pound, an increase of 14. 12% 7. In the same period inflation had risen approximately 25. 3% 8. Rivalry in the coffee industry among competing sellers is vigorous. Although the overall market for coffee grew fast in the late 1990s, especially regarding the specialty coffee markets, it has leveled off some in the last few years and the overall demand is growing slowly. Another reason for the high level of competitiveness within the industry is due to the relatively low differentiation ability of coffee.While specialty coffees derive some level of differentiation from region of growth or roasting methods, the overall product is fairly standardized. This leads to increase jockeying for position among existing firms, as they cannot lure customers in with a variety of unique products. Some firms however are attempting to lure customers in with new products such as Folgers Home coffee bar system, which is a one-cup pressure-brewing system. These devices use pods, or i ndividually packaged coffee for single fare applications. Other companies have also been marketing individually packaged coffee so that consumers can make a perfect cup every time.The switching costs of buyers are also very low, if not non-existent. Buyers only have to purchase a different brand in order to switch. While some businesses may have to replace equipment if they switch brands, a business of large purchasing capacity will likely have equipment provided for them by their coffee bean supplier. The recent surge in specialty coffee brands has increased rivalry among existing firms. As companies such as Starbucks have grown and acquired market share, companies such as Kraft, Proctor & Gamble, and Nestle have had to increase advertising and create new specialty coffees of their own in order to compete.Sales of specialty coffee were $10 Billion in October of 2005 and expected to rise at a rate of 7% annually, while sales of traditional brands have been falling. 9 Over the past two years Maxwell House has seen a decline of $75 Million in supermarket sales alone. 9 Furthermore, companies like Starbucks have been acquiring smaller companies and thereby growing in market share and sales. This has been done to such an extent to make them comparable to big firms such as Kraft and Proctor & Gamble who compete in various markets with multiple products.This has increased rivalry among these firms as they agitate to maintain their market share. Key Success Factors in the Coffee Industry Coffee drinkers are enough interested in the type of coffee they drink, people who want specialty chocolates and wines want specialty coffee. Specialty coffee is label gourmet or premium coffee. The specialty coffee bean comes form high-minded locations and is 100% from that origin that means no mixing with another bean. People want to know the beans orbit of origin and if the bean is a blend or a single-origin.Coffee originates from a variety of places like South America, Afr ica, Middle and Far East, and Jamaica. The Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) said people want specialty coffee because of its superior coffee, People want things to taste good and clean and no nightlong want cheap coffee. The SCAA report that 15% of American adults drink specialty coffee an increase from 6% points over 2000. According to Mintel International Group, saw producers who specialize in coffee rise, Procter and Gambles millstone premium brand increased 37.5% and Starbucks rose 23% between 2001 and 2003 (Chater, 2005). Along with specialty coffee is flavored coffee, which is increasing popular. Flavored coffee ranges from Cherry Vanilla with Pecans and Cashews, Orange Cappuccino, or even Hazelnut. The SCAA claims flavor coffee will continue to grow in the total market share. The Motley Fool Stock exchange reported that the 7-Eleven saw 5% of sales come from coffee products like the Slurpee with flavors Cherry Creme and Vanilla Nut. The Black flock Gold Coff ee (BMG) offers its flavor coffee through Amazon.com and it is their number one flavor Cinnamon hindquarters Cake-flavor coffee became so popular that Albertsons in Texas included the brand inside the store (Friedman, 2004). The United States is the largest base of coffee drinkers and the second largest importer of coffee (Packed Facts, 2003). Therefore, it is evident that coffee is popular drink. Coffee is sold in airplanes, sanction buildings, hotel rooms, train terminals, schools, and grocery stores. Some grocery stores even offer coffee to drink while shopping. It is good having these locations offer coffee because it stimulates more coffee being drunk and later more purchases.It is also a good way to get non-coffee drinkers to try coffee and turn them into coffee drinkers. Coffee is sold in most stores, and even on the Internet. Having coffee sold in a variety of places ensures the consumers have undemanding access to purchase the product. Locations benefit by selling coffee because usually when coffee is being bought customers have a tendency to buy other products such as, milk, cream, sugar, or a mug. Numerous studies are indicting coffee can offer health benefits. It would be beneficial for the coffee industry to further these studies and use as a selling tool.The coffee bean is a plant base food, therefore offers rich antioxidants more so than broccoli and blueberries. These antioxidants can help prevent cancers, Parkinson disease, gallstones, and used for an antidepressant. Other nutrients inside coffee like potassium, niacin, magnesium, and chlorogenic acids can possibility help reduce diabetes (McAuliffe, 2005). Cautious coffee drinkers are concerned with how coffee make the environment and farmers. Sun-grown coffee, uses fertilizers and pesticides, and contributes to deforestation shade-grown is grown beneath a canopy of trees while preserving the forest.Organic coffee has increased 54% in 2005 through Nov 6, while non-organic coffee increased 8. 5%. Coffee drinkers want to be reassured that producers of coffee are treated fairly. Are farmers compensated fairly, no abuse, or child labor? Companies should be very weary of this issue because, if the source of coffee is not on good terms, if the farms are not healthy or unhappy employees than it could affect the industry in a negative way. Starbucks is a perfect example showing support to farmers by offering decent wages, and ways to help nurture their asset (farms).Starbucks as teamed with the Fair Trade Certified Coffee by offering Coffee of the week to bring awareness for the Fair Trade Certified Coffee. Other companies should take notice of the Fair Trade Certified Coffee, the Fair Trade Certified Coffee ensures farmers are properly compensated, health care, and economic constancy of farms (Gimbl, 2005 & Chater, 2005). Overall Industry Attractiveness In order to decide if the coffee industry presents an attractive opportunity for earning good profits, it is important to base a conclusion on several factors.By displace upon front psychoanalysis of the intensity of competition, whether the impacts of the driving forces are positive or negative, the market positions of industry members as shown on the strategic group map, and also close examination of the industrys key success factors an enlightened answer can be deduced. First, by examining the market size and growth potential the coffee industry presents a livelihood for over 20 million people worldwide with an estimated worldwide retail sales expected to grow by a compounded rate of 6.9% from 2005-2010, reaching $48. 2 billion by 2010, according to The U. S. Market for Coffee and Ready-to-Drink Coffee 1. Competitive forces in the industry point to growth through the development of product innovation and specializing in gourmet coffee and specialty drinks. Sales of specialty coffee were $10 Billion in October of 2005 and expected to rise at a rate of 7% annually, while sales of traditional br ands have been falling. 9 This has increased rivalry among these firms as they struggle to maintain their market share.Competitive forces are conducive to rising industry profitability as long as companies continue to offer product innovation and stay ahead of the curve when it comes to the driving forces in the industry head of risk and uncertainty in industrys future encompasses many issues. Coffee drinkers are many and are seemingly very loyal to their drink. Proof being that recently the coffee supply has been exceeding its demand, which has taken even more power away from the suppliers who must compete with growers from around the world. In addition several tentative studies show positive health benefits to coffee drinkers.With a trend in the United States to be more health conscious, the coffee industry has opportunity to capitalize on these finds. In telephone circuit when examining the severity of problems facing the industry it is evident that although demand is growing the trend is that it is steadying off. Due to little differentiation and small increase in the price of coffee since 1996, companies have been forced to tenseness on increased product differentiation in areas such as specialty coffees however, that too is steadying off in growth over the past couple of years.Possible strategic issues include customers increasingly loyal to certain brands, which possibly make it more difficult for smaller coffee companies to edge into large consumer base. similarly coffee companies need to consider the growing demand of consumers in the ethical treatment of coffee workers and focus their attention to a coffee drinker who looks to drink it for its benefits and special offering in taste. Ultimately when drawing conclusions about the attractiveness of an industry, the perspective is important. It depends on the scope and breadth of a particular company.The attractiveness of the opportunities an industry presents depends heavily on whether a company ha s the resources and the competitive capabilities to secure them. A standard judgment of if an industry is profitable is if the industrys overall profit prospects are above average, the industry environment is essentially attractive if industry profit prospects are below average, conditions are unattractive (Strickland III et al, 2004). However this analysis of the industry shows that the coffee industry has a strong future and to the right players offers an attractive business opportunity. deeds Cited1 6 Mar. 2006 . 2 Starbucks. Starbucks, Inc.. 3 Mar. 2006 . 3 1 Mar. 2006 . 4 2 Mar. 2006 . 5 http//www. stagnito. com/fbr_beverage. asp 6 Slow Roast, John G. Rodwan Jr. NPN, National Petroleum News. Chicago Mar 2005. Vol 97, Iss. 3 pg. 14, 1 pgs. 7 http//www. econstats. com/fut/xnyb_ew2. htm 8 Bureau of Labor Statistics. http//www. bls. gov/cpi/cpi_dr. htm Table Containing recital of CPI-U U. S. All Items Indexes and Annual Percent Changes From 1913 to Present. 9 Coffee Drinkers and Their Habit, Business Week Online October 10, 2005 Marketing/Online Extra http//www.businessweek. com/magazine/ guinea pig/05_41/b3954201. htm 12 Mar.2006 Packaged Facts. The U. S. Market for Coffee and Ready-to-Drink Coffee, 4th Edition. (Nov 1, 2003). Packaged facts. 8 Feb 2006. http//www. packagedfacts. com/pub/895867. html Chater, Amanda. SPECIALPERKS THE BUZZ or so SPECIALTY COFFEE IS ENLIVENING SALES IN AN OTHERWISE DECLINING CATEGORY. (coffee markets). Supermarket News (Dec 19, 2005) 41. InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale.Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http//find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=ITOF&docId=A140760166&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&version=1. 0. McAuliffe, Kathleen. Enjoy. U. S. News &World Report 139. 23 (Dec 19, 2005)67-68. InfoTrac Online. Thomson Gale.Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http//find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Doc uments&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodid=ITOF&docId=A139695515&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&version=1. 0 Friedman, Susan. beyond cream & sugar savvy Retailers recognize the value of flavored coffee. Tea & Coffee Trade Journal 176.3 (March 2004) 30(3). InfoTrac One File. Thomson Gale. Middle Tennessee State University. 2 Feb 2006 http//find. galegroup. com/itx/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID+T002&prodId=ITOF&docId=A114819506&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&verson=1. 0 Introducing Starbucks Cafe Estima Blend(TM).Fair Trade Certified(TM) Coffe. Business Wire. LOAD DATE Oct 10, 2005. 23 Feb 20006. http//www. businesswire. com/cnn/sbux. shtml Strickland III, A. J. , Arthur A. Thompson Jr. , and John E. Gamble . dodge Core Concepts, Analytical Tools, Readings. 2nd ed. Boston Mc-Graw-Hill Irwin, 2004.

Leg discussion week

Bids agonistical Proposals Combination of Competitive Procedures when sealed bidding is not appropriate Other Competitive Procedures such as Selection of sources for Architect-Engineer contracts in accordance with the provisions of 40 U. S. C. 102 Competitive selection of prefatorial and applied research and that part of development not related to the development of a specific dodge or hardware procurement chairing from a broad agency announcement or peer or cientific review o Use of multiple award schedules issued by the Administrator of General Services. Determine how organisation procurement officers can balance getting a good price with getting an effective result in another(prenominal) words, best value. Contracting officers need to get a great product for a great price.Best value is not always the cheapest price, when you put your offer on the table you have to actually state best value first before the sending out the bid. Week 2 treatment 2 Specification Overload Pl ease respond to the following Debate the challenges to government procurement officers in carrying out their Job of writing specifications for everything from translation services to fighter Jets including the range of expertise that would be unavoidable to create specifications in line with FAR requirements.Agencies may select from existing requirements documents, modify or mix existing requirements documents, or create new procedure. 1. Documents mandated for use by law. 2. Performance-oriented documents. 3. Detailed design-oriented documents. 4. Standards, specification and related publications issued by the government utside the Defense or Federal series for the non-repetitive acquisition of items.The specifications may also include a desired contract award date and delivery date, include recommended sources, provide shipping, marking, and packaging information, any other pertinent information such as special terms and condition desired or ask by the contract. The degree of information and detail usually reflect the dollar value of the procurement and the spirit of the effort. Outsourcing contracts involves the assignment of certain rights and responsibilities over a public ervice to a private firm in flip-flop for some investment (i. . , time or money. ) Proscribe a method of how full and open rival requirements can be maintained in the outsourcing process. In law 10 U. S. C. A 2688 a government agency will convey utility system ownership to a private entity that will be responsible for the operation, maintenance and capitalization of the infrastructure for a prescribed period and for the provision of sage a reliable utility services to the government in exchange for reasonable compensations.

Preventative methods of animal cruelty Essay

PurposeBy the end of this speech the auditory modality go away be able to know the proper preventative methods of wildcat cruelty, I also want my audience to know that carnal cruelty is wrong and it shouldnt be tolerated in any form.IntroductionHow some(prenominal) of you have pets? And how many of you would do anything for them? As seen in a recent study (according to animalcrueltyfacts.net in the year of 2011) 13% of intentional animal abhorrence cases involve domestic violence, also between 25% and 40% of battered women are unable to escape abusive situations because they worry about what bequeath happen to their pets or livestock if they leave. In saying this animal crime goes hand in hand with domestic shame. savage abuse is similar to domestic abuse because they both have the ability for the batterers to show the power and obligate that they have over their victims. (animalcruelty.net) Previous research indicates that batterers often threaten or harm pets in fix t o intimidate and control their female partners.Transition/first point different types of abuse whetherAnimal abuse can be either passive or active. (animalcrueltyfact.org) When a person omits responsibility towards an animal is an font of passive abuse, while active abuse requires inflicting pain such(prenominal) as choking. This can be brought rearward to the comparison of animal abuse and domestic abuse, an example of passive abuse in regards to domestic abuse can be name shrieking swearing or making the victim feel elflike or like they dont exist. An example of active abuse is physical violence such as hitting a spouse.Transition/ Second point Animals have personalities and feelings like populace Darwin in one case stated emotions exist in non-human animals, and his evolutionary theory suggests that behavioral traits, including personality, can evolve in honourable the akin way as fins, wings and arms, he said. We should realize that studying the personality of animals cou ld help us understand a lot about human personality. (utexas.edu) Although many people dont mean it animals have feelings just like humans. They can feel pain and go through emotional distress. When an animal is mistreated and being abused they feel the same pain a person would if they were in the same situation.Transition/ Third point Laws that can be passed or that are passed already Laws are passed in all 50 states that prevent abuse towards both animals and humans. Anti-cruelty laws exist in all U.S states and territories to prohibit unnecessary killing, mutilating, torturing, beating, neglecting the abandonment of animals or depriving them of proper food, water or shelter. (americanhumane.org) But these laws will never be enough. If you are in a situation in which you are confronted with animal or domestic abuse call your local police department or anyone that can help your specific situation.ConclusionI will conclude my speech by saying that animal abuse, domestic abuse, or that any kind of abuse is wrong. Animals are innocent creatures that do not have a voice of their own so wherefore should they be mistreated? They are suffering in silence because they dont have a voice. People need to come to the realization that animals need and deserve as much respect as any other creature, and until people start speaking up about cruelty towards animals or humans they will never be free of the cruel acts that are imprisoning them.Works cited* Jennifer , Robbins. domestic violence and animal abuse . Texas journal of women and law . 2006 129-146. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. . * www.animalcruelty.net* emily , suthertin. Animal crueltyfacts,prevention,statistics,and action . now public. N.p., 2012. Web. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. . * Faver, Catherine A, and alonzo

Adarand Constructors, Inc. vs. Federico Pena Essay

In the particulars of the case, the petitioner in the case, Adarand Constructors, Inc. challenged the constitution of the Federal political sympathies of awarding financial considerations to general take aimors that hire subcontractors that are majority owned by minority roots (Adarand Constructors Inc., vs. Federico Pena, (515 U.S. two hundred (1995).In the case, the Transportation Departments Central Federal Lands Highway Division gave the primary contract for a highway building project to Mountain Gravel and Construction Company (Adarand, 1995). Mountain and so awarded the guardrail component of the project to Gonzales Construction Company even if petitioner Adarand was a specialist in the component and had submitted the lowest bid for the project (Adarand, 1995).The contract acquired by Mountain stated that the company would be eligible for extra compensation if it chose a company classified as a deprived group (Adarand, 1995). In the 1987 Surface and Transportation and Uni form Relocation Act, the act provides that 10 percent of the funds forget be preferred for the socially disadvantaged groups (Adarand, 1995). The clause in dispute is that the definition of the small disadvantaged class (Adarand, 1995). In the records of the Small Business Administration, Gonzales did not meet the requirements for the class (Adarand, 1995).In the decision of the Court, in Richmond vs. J.A. Croson, Co. (586 U.S. 469 (1989), the court ruled that one-third of the work to be given out to contractors will be given out to businesses whose owners are in the minority (Adarand, 1995). In their decision, the Court ruled that under the area of the equal protection, the review must undergo strict scrutiny, and the benefits is not anchored on the race of those who challenge the policy nor then ones who stand to benefit from such (Adarand, 1995).In the opinion of the Court, it rules that any and all classifications based on race must face strict evaluation, and that such policy is only conforming to the ambit of the organisation that have a legally persuasive interest for the government (Adarand, 1995).

5. the Best Way to Spend a Holiday.

1. swag contour. Its functions. Much has been tell about the importance of paying due attention to inflection when studying a foreign language. The impact of communication cannot be per stressed without inflection as it has its own functions in a reprove. These functions ar 1. The constitutive 2. The typical (1) Intonation forms reproves. Each convict consists of one or to a greater extent intonation groups. An intonation group is a upstartsworthiness or a group of row characterized by a certain intonation specimen and is largely complete from the point of view of meaning. E. g.Youll come early and stay as long as you can wont you Sentences ar recited from to each one other by pauses. The final stage of a objurgate is always recognized by a long pause the end of a non-final intonation group is usu wholey characterized by a shorter pause. E. g. Hes passed his exam He is a educatee now Like most disused people he was fond of talking about old days (2) Into nation also serves to distinguish the communicative types of sentences, the actual meaning of a sentence, the speakers emotions or places to the contents of the sentence, to the listener or to the topic of conversation. E. g.Hes passed his exam downhearted-Fall a statement of point High-Rise a question Low-Rise a question with surprise High-Fall an exclamation One and the corresponding sentence pronounced with polar intonation can express different emotions. Intonation is also a powerful means of differentiating the functional styles. 2. The components of the intonation 1) Speech melody or the pitch. The sentence possesses definite phonetic features variations of pitch or speech melody, pauses, sentence judge, rhythm, tempo and timbre. Each feature realizes a definite confinement and all of them work simultaneously.It is generally acknowledged that the pitch of the voice or speech melody, sentence express and rhythm argon the three big components of intonation, whils t pauses, tempo and timbre play a subordinate sh atomic number 18 in speech. The pitch of the voice does not stay on the same level while the sentence is pronounced. It locomote and rises in spite of appearance the interval between its lowlyer and upper limits. Three pitch levels are generally distinguished proud, medium and low. The pitch of the voice rises and waterfall on the vowels and voiced consonants. These waterfall and rises form definite patterns typical of slope and are called speech melody.Pitch Range is the interval between two pitch levels. It may be normal, wide and narrow. E. g. I didnt know youve been to London. The use of this or that pitch (and range) shows the gradation of its semantic importance. As a rule the low pitch level expresses little semantic weight, on the opposed the high pitch level is a sign of importance, stronger degree of feeling. 2) Rhythm Rhythm is a lawful recurrence of emphasise and un accented syllables at definite intervals. The characteristic features of English speech rhythm may be summed up as follows 1.The regularity of the recurrence of evince and un tensioned syllables results in the pronunciation of each danceable group in a sense-group in the same period of time irrespective to the fall of un evince syllables in it. Which in its invert work outs the length of sounds, especially vowels. 2. The alternation of hard-pressed and light syllables results in the influence of rhythm upon ledger- sift and sentence-stress. T here are as m any(prenominal) rhythmical groups in a sense-group as at that place are stressed syllables. Rhythmic groups can be of two types enclitics a rhythmic group in which an unstressed syllable clings to the preceding stressed syllable. proclitics a rhythmic group in which an unstressed syllable clings to the hobby stressed syllable. To acquire a good English speech rhythm one should arrange sentences 1) into intonation groups 2) into rhythmic groups 3) contact the treatments beginning with a vowel to preceding words 4) weaken unstressed words and syllables 5) make the stressed syllables occur regularly within an intonation group. Sentence stress A separate word when used alone as a sentence is always stressed. In a sentence consisting of more than one word, some of the words are left unstressed.They are the words of small semantic value or those with a purely grammatical function articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary, modal and link verbs, personal and pensive pronouns. Words essential to the meaning of the utterance are normally stressed (nouns, adjectives, conceital verbs, adverbs, demonstrative and doubt pronouns). So words that provide most of the cultivation are singled out by means of sentence stress. Sentence stress is a great prominence with which one or more words are in a sentence are pronounced as compared with the other words according to their informational (semantic) importance.This greater prominence is achieve d by 1. Greater force of exhalation and muscular tension. 2. Changing of the pitch level. 3. Pronouncing the stressed syllables longer. 4. non changing the quality of a vowel in the stressed syllable. The most important piece of information conveyed in the sentence is called its communicative subject matter. It may be expressed by a single word or a number of words. Usually it is the last word in a sense-group and it carries the terminal intent. The main function of sentence stress is to single out the communicative centre of the sentence, which introduces new information.So it performs a classifiable function and distinguished the speakers modal and emotional attitude to the words. Sentence stress may vary in degree. It may be full and partial. Full sentence stress in its turn may be un emphatic and emphatic. 1) Partial sentence stress is indicated by single stress-marks places below the mental strain of print. E. g. I havent the slightest idea. 2) Full unemphatic sentence stre ss is indicated by single stress-marks fixed above the line of print. E. g. I havent the slightest idea. ) Full emphatic sentence stress is constituted by greater force of utterance, greater force of exhalation and lengthening the sounds. Emphatically stresses syllables become more prominent and sound longer than syllables with unemphatic stress. It is indicated by double stress-marks. E. g. Stop talking Sentence stress can also be subdivided as to its function into syntagmatic stress, syntactic stress and logical stress. syntagmatic stress presents the most important functional type. Together with the main pure tones it singles out the semantic centre of the sentence or a sense-group.In sentences where no word is make specially prominent syntagmatic stress is usually realized in the last stressed word. E. g. I am become you two tickets for the theatre. syntactical (or normal) stress marks the other semantically important words within the utterance. E. g. I am sending you two t ickets for the theatre. Logical stress is connected with the shifting of the syntagmatic stress from its normal place on the last stressed word to one of the preceding words. It often expresses something new to the listener and creates a new communicative centre. Specific features of the English sentence stressThough we know that usually notional words are stressed in the sentence and form (functional) words are unstressed it is necessary to point out that any word in a sentence may have logical stress. A word which is made prominent by logical stress may stand at the beginning at the end or in the middle of a sense-group but it is usually the last stressed word in it. Sentence stress on words following logical stress either disappears or becomes weak. at any rate functional words may be stressed in some special carapaces I. Auxiliary, modal and link verbs are stressed in the following positions 1.At the beginning of the sentence in general and alternative questions. E. g. female genitals you come? Did you meet him? 2. When they stand for a notional verb in short answers for general questions. E. g. Yes, I am. Yes I have. 3. In contracted negative forms. E. g. He didnt do it. 4. to be is stressed when final and preceded by the objective which is unstressed. E. g. I want him to be here. 5. Auxiliary verb to do is stressed in emphatic sentences. E. g. I do handle it II. Prepositions are stressed when they consist of two or more syllables and are followed by an unstressed personal pronoun. E. g. The dog ran after him.III. Conjunctions are stressed at the beginning of a sentence when followed by an unstressed word. E. g. When he had gone she went home too. If he drives he may be here at any moment. IV. When a personal pronoun is connected by the conjunction and with a noun they are twain stressed. E. g. My mother and I. V. Have to is stressed in the meaning of must. E. g. He has to go. The general rules for sentence stress are sometimes not observed a word that should be stressed according to these rules may be left unstressed. In most cases it is rhythm that is responsible for the omission of stress.Compounds are influenced in the following way 1. When preceded by a stressed syllable they are stressed on the second element. E. g They are all rootage-class. It is too old-fashioned. 2. When used as attributes before nouns stressed on the maiden syllable, the stress falls on the first element of the compound. E. g. She is a good-looking girl. 3. When two nouns occur together the first being used attributively, the second is not stressed. E. g film-star, telephone-book. But if the second noun is polysyllabic it must be stressed. E. g. jut out gallery, detective story.Some words belonging to the notional parts of speech are not stressed in certain cases 1. When a word is repeated in a sense-group immediately following, the repetition is generally unstressed. E. g. How umpteen books have you got? Two books. 2. Word-substitutes like one are usually unstressed. E. g. I dont like this dress. Show me that red one. 3. When the word most does not express comparison, but a high degree of quality and is equivalent to very, extremely it is not stressed. E. g. This is a most beautiful picture. 4. The pronoun each in each other is always unstressed. E. g.They loved each other. 5. The adverb so in do so, call so is not stressed. 6. The conjunctions as in the constructions of the type as well as is not stressed. 7. The word street in the names of streets is never stressed. E. g. Oxford street. Differences with the Russian language 1. Good morning Good shadow 2. Shes as pretty as her mother. ? . 3. He did not say a word. . 4. In English the final stress does not fall on the last element in the word combinations and so on, and so forth, in a day or two etc. nd so on? . He will come in a day or two. . 5. In English general questions the final stress falls on the adverbials or on direct object following the verb (in Russian on the verb). Do you speak English? - Will you go home? The Intonation Group An intonation group may be a whole sentence or a part of it. In either case it may consist of a single word or a number of words. An intonation group has the following characteristics 1. It has at least one accented (stressed) word carrying a pronounced change in pitch (a rise, a fall). 2.It is pronounced at a certain rate and without any pause within it. The pitch-and-stress pattern or the intonation pattern of the intonation group consists of the following elements 1. the pre-head unstressed or partially stressed syllables which precede the first full stressed syllable 2. the head (scale, body) the intonation pattern extending from the first stressed syllable up to (but not including) the nuclear syllable 3. the nucleus the syllable military strength the nuclear (terminal) tone 4. the tail unstressed or partially stressed syllables following the nucleus. He told me he would think of it. _____________________ ______________________ pre-head head nucleus tail There are different types of pre-heads, heads and tails. Types of heads. Head patterns are classified advertisement into three groups descending, ascending and level according to the way it begins from the point of view of pitch movement. Descending heads move down from a medium or a high pitch level to the low one. The first stressed syllable is the highest. In the stepping head the stressed syllables gradually descend in pitch levels, unstressed or partially stressed syllables are pronounced on the same level as the preceding stressed ones.This head conveys the impression of the balanced, active, normal mood of the speaker. I dont want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ The unstressed syllables may gradually descend in pitch too. In this case the head is called a fall head. ________________________ ________________________ A fall in pitch may not be gradual but alternatively bumpy which is achieved by a considerable lowering of the pitch inside the stressed syllables or by pronouncing unstressed syllables at a much lower level than the preceding stressed ones. Such a head is called the sliding head.It usually reflects an excited state of mind and, sometimes, a highly emotional attitude to the situation. I dont want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ Ascending heads are the opposite of the descending heads their stressed syllables move up by steps with the intervening unstressed ones continuing the rise and in this case it is a rising head. I dont want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ If the voice moves up jumpy the head is called climbing. Unstressed syllables glide up too. __________________________ _________________________ In level heads all the syllables are pronounced on the same level (or gradually ascends towards the nucleus) either high or medium or low. So there are three level heads correspondingly. It is shown by the tone mark before the first stressed syllable. Low head conveys an impression ranging from cool and indifferent to sulky and hostile. Types of pre-head There are two types of pre-head the low pre-head and the high pre-head. The low pre-head is pronounced at a low pitch and may occur in all unemphatic and many emphatic utterances.Its main semantic function is to mark the comparative unimportance of sign unstressed syllables. The high pre-head is pronounced at a high pitch level. It has a clearly emphatic function. Before a rising tone it usually gives a bright, lively, encouraging character to the utterance. The high pre-head is marked by the tone-stress mark ( ) placed before the first syllable above the line of print. Types of tails There are two types of tails the low tail and the rising tail. The low tail goes after the falling tone and is pronounced at a low pitch. Show me. __________ __________The risin g tail occurs after the rising tone and gradually rises in pitch producing the very effect of the rising tone whilst the word carrying the syntagmatic stress is pronounced on the lowest level in the sense-group. Really? ________ ________ The notion of tone. Static and kinetic tones. Prominent segments of an utterance are usually associated with a pitch change (or a pitch contrast) have with increased force of articulation and increased duration. Such a cooperation of different phonetic features is reflected in the notion of the tone the basic element of English intonation.Tones are divided into two classes static and kinetic. Static are level tones, their number corresponds to the number of pitch levels. Kinetic tones are classified according to the following criteria a) the mode of the pitch change b) the interval of the pitch change c) the relative position of the pitch change within the speakers voice range. Static and kinetic tones differ not only in form but also in functio n. Static tones give prominence to words. The degree of prominence is proportional to the pitch height of the static tone the higher the tone, the greater the prominence.Kinetic tones are more significant for the sentence. Kinetic tones perform a number of functions in a sentence 1. Indicate the communicative type of a sentence. 2. emit the emotional state of the speaker, his attitude towards the subject-matter and the situation. 3. Single out the centre of semantic importance in a sentence. The most common kinetic tones of Modern English are The Low Fall the voice falls from a medium to a very low pitch. The Low Rise the voice rises from a low to a medium pitch. The High Fall the voice falls from a high to a very low pitch. The High Rise the voice rises from a medium to a high pitch.The Fall-Rise the voice first falls from a fairly high to a rather low pitch and then rises to a medium pitch. The Rise-Fall the voice first rises from a medium to a high pitch and then falls to a very low pitch. The falling tones carry a sense of completion and finality and are categoric in character. The rising tones carry incompletion and are non-categoric in character. Combinations of nuclei, heads, tails, and pre-heads lead to a great descriptor of melodic patterns in English intonation. The melodic structure of the language is a simple system of patterns found upon the most important linguistic functions of intonation.Since the most significant component of intonation is speech melody, and the most important word of an utterance is made prominent by one of the special tones typical of the language, it is natural to systemise the melodic patterns according to these special tones. Thus the great variety of possible patterns can be bring down to six Intonation Contours (IC), based on the six main tones used in the nuclei. These tones, when combined with different heads, tails and pre-heads, give rise to a few significative variants of the intonation contour.