The Potassium Atom Philosophy Essay

The Potassium Atom Philosophy EssayThe Potassium constituent is a sh be of the group iodin family of stand metals. Due to the fact that group one and only(a) metals have only one negatron in their outer shell, means that potassium is an extremely reactive and electropositive element. A man send ford Sir Humphrey Davy was the beginning(a) to isolate this element in the course of study 1807 through the electrolysis of immensely dry molten virulent potash, otherwisewise know as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Its named later on the the old Dutch word potaschen heart potash. Its symbol on the fortnightly table is the letter K which stands for the Latin word kalium also essence pot ash.When calculating the electron itemise of Potassium, we can refer to its tingeic numerate on the periodic table as constituten in the following diagramhttp//exchangedownloads.smarttech.com/public/content/e4/e4296d16-d0f9-4787-bb8a-0695e616c828/previews/sm in wholly/0001.pngnuclear computeGra phic taken from exchange.smarttech.comThe memberic snatch exit always display the figure of positively aerated protons in an atom. The number of protons deep down the meat of an atom provide always reap an equal number of negatively superaerated electrons. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 which means it has 19 protons that ar attracting 19 negatively charged electrons in its neutral suppose.steradian ionThe Strontium atom which has lost 2 electrons is cognize as a Strontium ion. Strontium is a member of the group 2 alkaline terra firma metals. Having only ii electrons in its outer shell, Strontium is highly reactive handle all other group 2 metals. This element was discovered in Scotland by a humans named Adair Crawford in the year 1790 as the mineral strontianite. It was given its name after the Scottish village Strontian in which it was found in. However, in the year 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy was first to isolate Strontium on its own through the process of electr olysis. This comprised a salmagundi of mercuric oxide (HgO) and strontium chloride (SrCl2).When calculating the electron number of the Strontium ion, we can refer to the atomic number of the Strontium atom as shown on the periodic table.Atomic numberhttp//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTh8Q_XgZHS23iyIAsk1w9tJ-oRnslYnF6uVBLk2hNksebU7BKYGraphic taken from www.glogster.comglogster.com glogster.comWe can go out from the diagram above that the atomic number of Strontium is 38. This follows 38 positively charged protons in the nucleus that atomic number 18 attracting 38 negatively charged electrons in its neutral kingdom.Strontium has 2 valence electrons in its outer around shell. The Strontium ion has a 2+ charge (Sr2+) which means it has lost two of its valence electrons. It is overmuch easier for Strontium to lose these 2 electrons in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to gain 6 electrons to get an octet configuration.By substitutetracting 2 electrons f rom the electron number of Strontium (38), we are now able to calculate the Strontium ion as having an electron number of 36.Francium atomThe Francium atom was discovered in France by a lady named Marguerite Pere in the year 1939 who named the element after her country. The element is extremely radioactive and is a member of the Group 1 alkali metals, having only one valence electron in its outer shell. Francium (Fr) is a positively charged element and is willing to lose its outermost electron to achieve its noble gas state, otherwise known as a cation.Atomic numberhttps//www.store.acs.org/eweb/images/ACSStore/PT6498_thumb.jpgGraphic taken from www.store.acs.orgBy referring to the periodic table, one is able to delay that a neutrally charged Francium atom (Fr) has an atomic number of 87. This means that it has 87 positively charged protons in the nucleus which will attract 87 negatively charged electrons.Bromide ionThe bromine atom which has gained an electron is known as a Bromi ne ion. It was discovered in France by a gentleman named Antoine J Balard in the year 1826. Bromine has a particularly unpleasant smell and was on that pointfore named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench. It is a member of the group 17 family of Halogens which are incredibly reactive, non-metal elements. Bromine, including all other elements in this group, will borrow an electron to complete its octet configuration.Atomic numberAtomic numberhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcS8QR1k8J5qhYBNWA25hCmFuCcgoWd-FetYIcmXlaFV1J8v7qz6FCLyBAWe can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of a neutrally charged Bromine atom is 35. This shows that there are 35 positively charged protons inside the nucleus which will therefore attract 35 negatively charged electrons.Bromine has 7 valence electrons in its outermost shell. This gives the Bromide ion a -1 charge (Br -1) because it has only needed to gain 1 valence electron to get an octet configuration. It is easier for Bromine to gain one electron in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to lose 7 electrons to achieve the alike result. This is why Bromine is considered to be an anion.If we add the scanty one electron gained by Bromine, to its electron number of 35, we will then have the electron number for the Bromide ion which will be 36..The Mass Spectrometer is a device designed especially to rive ions via a mass to charge ratio. It deflects and detects ions and can record their intensities. A typical device is comprised of three of import parts. These parts are the ion source, a mass analyser and a detector. Once the molecule within a sample has been broken down into a gaseous state, the atoms of the sample go through a push 4 briny stages. These stages are called ionisation ( the production of positively charged ions), acceleration (positively charged ions speed up by an galvanizing field), deflection (positively charged ions are deflected in proportion to their mass/char ge ratio) and in the end the detection stage (positive ions of a particular mass/charge ratio are detected).1.2EXPLAIN THE heart OF ATOMIC ORBITAL, AND DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION, SHAPES AND RELATIVE ENERGY OF ELECTRON ORBITALS WITHIN THE FIRST FOUR SHELLS.Explain what you perceive by the term atomic orbital. Describe the distribution, shapes and relative qualification of atomic orbitals found within the first four shells in terms of the s, p, d and f orbitalsAn atomic orbital refers to the region of put where there is a high probability of finding an electron. It make outs the movement of a single electron or a pair of electrons within the atom. distributively atom is comprised of its main electron shells (hydrogen having only one main electron shell). These shells are known as quantum directs and can be broken down into sub energy train shells. The sub energy take aim shells can then be broken down into orbitals. Each main quantum level (identified as the K, L, M, N shells ), consists of one or more sub shells. The K quantum level has only one Sub shell (S sub shell). The L quantum level has two sub shells (S and P sub shells). The M quantum level has three sub shells (S, P and D sub shells) and the N quantum level has 4 subshells (S, P, D and F sub shells).Each electron has a negative charge which means that they resist one another. Due to this repulsion, energy from these electrons is then separated into different orbitals found around the nucleus. An atomic orbital can piss up to 2 electrons with opposing spins. The S sub shell has 1 orbital and can hold up to 2 electrons. The P sub shell has 3 orbitals and can hold up to 6 electrons. The D sub shell has 5 orbitals and can hold up to 10 electrons and the F sub shell has 7 orbitals, holding up to 14 electrons.Electrons can behave as a particle and as a fluctuate and this makes it impossible to accurately determine a alley for an electron orbital. Werner Heisenberg was a theoretical physicist who developed The Heisenberg uncertainty dominion in 1927. The Uncertainty rule was to string the impossibility of knowing both the position of an electron and the velocity of an electron simultaneously. Louis de Broglie was a french physicist who thought that anything which had a mass will also behave like a wave. However, it didnt seem as though objects with mass such as basket balls and people, actually had any wave properties at all. This is because the wave property is inversely proportional to the mass, so an object with a very tiny mass like an electron will have a very significant wave property. In 1927 an Austrian physicist name Erwin Schrodinger defined what an electron was doing inside of an atom based on it being a wave and not as a particle. He formulated The Schrdinger equation (H = E). The equation allowed one to obtain a set of mathematical equations known as wave functions () and by knowing these wave functions one could describe the probable location and velocity of an electron at a certain energy level within the atom. From the equation, four quantum numbers were derived. These numbers are employ to pin point the probable location of an electron and describe the orbital it is occupying. It is rather like a postal code, even though it doesnt give its microscopic location, it does provide one with an electrons general location in space. The 4 quantum numbers correspond to the principle quantum level number (n) which can be any whole number from 1-7, the subshell quantum number (l) which can be any integer from 0 to n-1, the orbital quantum number (ml) which has integral judges between 1, 0, -1 and the electron spin quantum number (ms) which has two possible take accounts of +1/2 and -1/2. By referring to these 4 numbers, one can predict the distance the electron is from the nucleus, the shape of the orbital, the position of the orbital and the spin of the electron.S orbitalGraphic utilise from angelfire.comBCAThe diagram on the left dis plays the S orbital occupying the first 3 energy levels. Each main energy level has an S orbital. Diagram a is the 1s orbital. The number 1 informs us that the orbital is in the energy level closest to the nucleus. Diagram b is the 2s orbital. This orbital is in the second energy level. Diagram c is the 3s orbital and is in the third energy level. The s describes the orbitals shape, with all S orbitals having a spherically symmetric (non directional) shape around the nucleus. The 2s and 3s electrons have a higher energy than the 1s electrons. This means that the 2s and 3s electrons are on average, further away from the nucleus and this increases the size of the orbital making the 2s and 3s orbitals larger than the 1s orbital. The corresponding (l) value of the S orbital is 0 which means that the value of (ml) is also 0. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTTNiJ4lHuR9TGSUhTt1dd1JKleilD3u2hiHKkrJZ7sTKQVPM3A1To8hEn8FAP orbitalGraphic used from chemtube3d.comThe P orbitals appear dif ferent to S orbitals and this is because they follow a certain direction, unlike the non-directional (spherical) S orbital. The P orbital appears on the second energy level also with the 2s orbital and can inhabit 6 electrons whilst the 2s orbital is only able to inhabit 2 electrons. There are three 2p orbitals which are all oriented perpendicular to one another. These orbitals are given the symbols px, py and pz to correspond to their position on the x, y, z axis. A P orbital consists of 2 lobes which can inhabit 2 electrons. However, once each P orbital has a single electron, then they will start to form pairs and fill each orbital with 2 electrons. As the energy levels increase, the P orbitals will get bigger in size (2p, 3p, 4p) which means that the space where the electron is likely to be found is a further distance away from the nucleus. The P orbital has an (l) value of 1 and an (ml) value of -1, 0, +1 because there are three possible orientations of the orbital in 3d space.h ttp//www.chemtube3d.com/images/porbitals.pngD orbitalGraphic used from angelfire.comhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTN3yvcX0Bp8llWJ80LaCj1mXYKffA_yQ_1UPwKpCEPLy38DAy92paVouDUPresented in the diagram on the left are five D orbitals on an x, y, z axis. The D orbitals (dyz, dxy, dz2, dxz, dx-y2) exist at the third energy level also with the 3s orbital and the 3px, 3py, 3pz orbitals. Each unmarried D orbital has a different orientation in 3 dimensional space and can inhibit up to 2 electrons, which is a total of 10 electrons between them. The surface of the D orbital and all of the space within it constitutes the space in which one is most likely to find the electron. The D orbital has an (l) value of 2 and as there are five different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space, it has an (ml) value of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.F orbitalsGraphic used from angelfire.comThere are seven F orbitals that exist on the fourth energy level as well as the 4s orbital, the 4px, 4py, 4pz orbi tals and the 4dyz, 4dxy, 4dz2, 4dxz, 4dx-y2 orbitals. Each individual F orbital can hold up to 2 electrons which is a total of 14 electrons between them. If we were to plot the positions of the electron within the F orbital in all of the different locations it was found, we would start to form a 3 dimensional map of the places that the electron has traveled in. These 3 dimensional maps are described in the diagrams shown on the right hand side. Each of these shapes represent where the electron is most likely to be found 90% of the time. The F orbital has an (l) value of 3 and as http//www.angelfire.com/falcon2/dirgni/f.gifThere are seven different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space,It has an (ml) value of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.1.3APPLY THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE, HUNDS RULE AND PAULI PRINCIPLE TO THE WRITING OF THE FULL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS FOR ANY ELEMENT WITH AN ATOMIC round BETWEEN 1 AND 36Describe what you understand by the Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rule and Pa uli Principle. In terms of the above, show the full electronic configuration of any element with an atomic number between 12 and 36When it comes to filling electron energy diagrams, one has to obey three different rules. These rules are known as The Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rules and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.The Aufbau Principle explains that orbitals of lowest energy are filled first from the bottom and then upwards. transfer rule principle states that if we were to have multiple orbitals of the very(prenominal) energy, then one should place an orbital in each forwards they double up. The Pauli Principle states that no two electrons in an atom have the same four quantum numbers. All three rules are explained in further detail below.Aufbau PrincipleThe Aufbau Principle was founded by two physicists named Neils Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the 1920s. The name originates from a German expression, meaning to build out. The principle describes the way electrons are added to an atom or a molecule and shows that orbitals of a lower energy are filled before orbitals of a higher energy. It shows us that an orbital can only inhibit 2 electrons at most with no two electrons having the same four quantum numbers within an atom.Pauli Exclusion PrincipleThe Pauli Exclusion Principle was formulated by a Gentleman named Wolfgang Pauli in the year 1925. Fermions are any particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons which have an odd half spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle explains that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state. However, Bosons which are particles that have an integer spin (0,1,2,3..) and carry force, do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle. try out results described fermions as being repelled by the Pauli Exclusion Principle when the temperature dropped whilst Boson particles were not repelled. The Principle explains why electrons are kept increasingly further away from the nucleus when quantum states fill up, balanced by the attractive e lectric force between the electron and the positively charged nucleus. It has been discovered that some stars are held up by degenerate pressure which resulted from the Pauli Exclusion Principle.Hunds RulesThe Hunds Rules were a set of formulated rules developed by a German Physicist named Friedrich Hund in 1927. The Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity explains the particular order that electrons fill subshells. The Rule says that the electron will inhibit orbitals of an equal energy level in order to create the largest multitude of orbitals having an electron within them. It clearly states that when one is to fill up a subshell, they should start by putting electrons in the individual orbitals of 2p (such as 2px then 2py, then 2pz) instead of filling each orbital up with two electrons before continuing on to the next orbital of the axis. Simply, the orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly and with fit spins before they occupy in pairs. The Hunds rule teaches that the greater the total spin state of the electron will result in making the atom a lot more stable, manifested most commonly in a lower energy state. This is due to the fact that it forces the unpaired electrons to inhibit in different spatial orbitals.Below is the a diagram showing the application of the three rules (Aufbau Principle, PEP, Hunds Rule) when building the electron configuration for entropy (S) in group 6 on the periodic table.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4http//img174.imageshack.us/img174/9436/electronicconfigurationvv8.jpg3P3S2PAbove is a diagram of the Bohr model of south atom taken frommugging-chocobos.blogspot.comIn the diagram above, we can see that all 3 rules have been applied. The Aufbau principle (building from the bottom upwards), the Pauli Exclusion Principle (2 electrons with opposing spin within each orbital) and the Hunds Rule (each individual electron will inhibit a spatial orbital separate from one another before conjugation up in the same orbital).1S2S