English Dominance Essay Example for Free

slope Dominance EssayEnglish is unmatch equal to(p) of the most(prenominal) mouth dictions in the world. Glob bothy around 380 million multitude mouth English as their first expression, 250 million office it as their second phrase, and 1 billion be in the member of learning it and about integrity third of the orbicular population are affected by it one way or the other. By the year 2050 it is forecasted that around a half of the world will be able to communicate properly in English. (Pennycook A. 1994) English is on its way to be stupefy a dominating global language. The language has developed to become the language of do in outside(a) trade, international intelligence conferences, and global politics. The predominant function of English has gone further to affect international and regional organizations much(prenominal) as world swear, European Union, and other multinational companies. (Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002) English potence originated from political su ppression and efficient manipulation by Britain and unite States. Some policies of international organization such as World Bank have served to propagate the dominance of English in developing countries (Keal, P 1983).However, the most important doer that has led English to become such a globally spoken language is the emergence of United States of America as a world super power a nation that uses English as its major language of communication. (Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002). Since the United States and Britain dominate in the international organizations such as World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO) and so on, this has influenced such worldwide entities to use English as a major language of communication.((Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002) The use of English as the dominant language in these organizations has generated enormous benefits especially in the ease of operation. However it has not been smooth sailing has a myriad of controer sies have continued to emerge because of the same dominance. (Keal, P 1983). Linguistic dominance has its origins in conquest, war machine and political subjugation, and economic exploitation.The role of language in imperial expansion has been a central agent of the europeanisation of the world (Robert P) This view has continued to emerge in m each forums where most nations (especially the non-English talking) have constantly objected to the dominance of English because it has been seen as a way of Europeanizing others. (Robert P) The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze both the benefits and cost with the purpose of establishing the direction the organizations are likely to take in this thorny and controversial issue.Benefits of English language in International organizations Communication This is perhaps the greatest benefit that the domination of English has brought to almost all world bodies. Having one language as a lingua franca facilitates or breaks down the comm unication barriers. (Gary C) Members of such bodies like the United Nation, the World Bank are able to communicate easily despite the event that they come from diverse countries and cultural backgrounds. In fact most delegates of European Union and common riches are able to speak English as their second language.What this means is that a Chinese is able to communicate effectively with a German national despite their cultural differences. (Edwards, J 1985). Because of globalization, there has come a need for faster communication tools and processes. Internet has played a significant role in speeding up the globalization phenomena because it is very fast and inexpensive. (UNESCO) The language that has dominated most of the Internet use is English slated at approximately 80% usage on the websites. This has enabled most of the international organizations develop communication channels via the Internet that eases the mode and the cost of communication.The organizations have been able to implement most of their programs within specified period across the globe. (UNESCO) Up to 700,000,000 people speak English language across the globe, what this means is that almost all countries of the world have a sizeable number of people who are able to communicate in English. This makes it easier for the International organizations to operate and find employees in the respective countries, thereby wakeless their payroll budgets because they do not have to employ expatriates who are normally very expensive to retain.A good example is the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) that is located in Kenya, Africa. The local citizens here speak English as the second language, and are competent in its use. (Martinez Cobo 1984). The organization has not had any line in recruiting locally thereby saving a lot in the payroll budget. Fostering global peace The ability of many United Nations mediators to communicate in English coupled with the increased usage of English in many st ates of the world has enabled conflicts that arise between various states to be solved efficiently.In addition, many English speaking nations especially the members of the Common wealthiness are able to establish absolute diplomatic relationships with ease since language has not been a barrier. (Maurais J. Morris, M. A. 2003) Facilitating international business English as an international business language has facilitated commercial transactions among the member states of European Union, Common Wealth, and Association Of South eastern Asian Countries. This is to a greater extent evident in the software market whereby many soft wares have been produced in English language.(Rudby, R. Saraceni, M. 2006) A good example of a country that can attest to the advantages of knowing how to speak in English is India. It has reaped enormous benefits in the global market from its citizens competence on spoken English. According to Rudby and Saraceni this has prompted nations like China to en courage its citizens to learn English language. Currently China has the largest number of people studying English and has made English compulsory from third grade. (Rudby, R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Sharing of information and ideas It is a compulsion for scientists from different parts of the world to publish their findings in English language and thereby enabling any English speakers to be able to access a wide range of information from various experts and from different part of then world. Some scientists are also able to use these published reports as valuable inputs to their researches. Empowers the United Nations to address various problems in the worldEnhanced communication resulting from the common usage of English by many countries of united nation has enabled such countries to put across their valuable contribution in solving current global issues like terrorism, famine and diseases. (Rudby R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Pre- dominance of English in Common Wealth countries enable the member countries to adopt policies geared towards ensuring efficient delivery of aid and other humanitarian operate across the globe. (Rudby R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Negative effects of English dominance It has contributed to conflicts in the European UnionHaving a single(a) language seems to be the most ideal and efficient solutions for the European Union but many members who do not come from Anglophone communities find such arrangement unacceptable. Current the language policy in the European Union grants every language an equal status whereby any language can be utilize to conduct meetings and translations are provided for other language speakers. (Robert P) However there is a provision to the extent that the constitution especially the preparatory committee of European Union may stipulate in their own rules of social function which of the language to be used in each specific cases. (Robert P) This has served to encourage some languages to become more dominant than others espe cially English which is frequently chosen in such situations. This has led members of major language speakers like French and German to fiercely protest fearing that their international status of their languages may be lowered. (Martinez Cobo 1984). on that point is also a growing concern among the non -English members of the European Union that English dominance is crossing over the boundaries of international organization to entrench itself to education and other sectors of the other countries.(Mary K. Flynn). Germany has been the most affected whereby English has became a general subject in primary schools of many states and has grown into official language of many companies and firms unitedly with Germany. This has consequently resulted to a diminished status of the German language and criticism that imposing English as the first language to all pupils is against the concept of promoting cultural diversity in them. (Mary K. Flynn).

Land of Bondage, Land of the Free

Land of Bondage, Land of the Free EssayThe tao does not come here tonight to be judged, barely to judge, Hear then his accusations and his sentiments. I indict the Spanish encomendero for inventing taxes impossible to bear. I indict the shylock for saddling me with debts impossible to net income. I indict the irresponsible radical leaders who undermine with insidious eloquence the impudence of my kind in the government.You institutionalize me of not supporting my family. Free me from bondage and I shall prove you false. You accuse me of ignorance. hardly I am ignorant because my master finds it profitable to keep me ignorant. Free me from bondage and I shall prove you false. You accuse me of indolence. But I am indolent, not because I have no depart, but because I have no hope. Why should I labor if all the fruits of my labor go to pay an unpayable debt? Free me from bondage and I shall prove you false.Give me arena. Land to own, land unbeholden to any tyrant, land that will be free. Give me land for I am starving. Give me land that my children may not die. Sell it to me. Sell it to me at fair price as one free man sells to another(prenominal) and not as a usurer sells to a slave. I am poor, but I will pay for it. I will work, work, until I fall from weariness for my privilege, my inalienable right to be free.But if you will not grant me this last request, this ultimate demand, then build a wall roughly your house. Build it high, build it strong. Place a sentry on every parapet. For I, who have been silent thither three hundred years, will come in the night when you are feasting with my cry and my bola tie at your door And may God have mercy on your soul

Jacobite opposition to the Whig Oligarchy Essay Example for Free

Jacobite opposition to the Whig Oligarchy EssayWhy was Jacobite opposition to the Whig Oligarchy so defeated between 1714-60The Jacobites were a British group who repeatedly tried to reinstate the old Stuart kings onto the English thr unrivalled, as opposed to the Protestant monarchy that began in 1689. From 1714-60 parliament was dominated by the Whig society, to the detriment of the pro-Jacobite Tories. There were many Jacobite attempts in this period to overthrow this Whig oligarchy and the kings that supported it. P Monod attributes the failure of the Jacobites to a lack of leadership and inadequate war machine forces. J Stephenson, on the other hand, argues that a lack of foreign and domestic support for the old stuart monarchy is the frequent reason for the lack of success of the Jacobites. This essay will examine the four main occurrenceors that atomic number 18 cited as the reasons for the failure of Jacobites poor leadership, clean military, little foreign suppo rt, declining domestic support and will evaluate which one of them is the most important.The Jacobites that they never had adept leaders. Jacobite officers were normally of Scottish brethren, with little follow out of warfare. Furthermore, as they were Scottish, they did not populate the territory when they entered England. This is considered by Monod as one of the reasons for their failure to sustain themselves upon exit of Scotland. The best attempts at Stuart coming back were the ascents of 1715 and 1745. However, both of these are characterised by poor leadership. In the 15 the commander of the Jacobite army was the Earl of Mar.He brocaded the Jacobite flag too early, before the army was prepared and, at the Battle of Sherifmuir, failed to take advantage of his conquest and the 31 ratio of forces, instead allowing the British battalions to retreat and regroup. On top of this, James Francis Stuart, the dissembler King, was absent from the rebellion. Thus, the Jacobites wer e without their inspirational figurehead. The rebellion of the 45 endured similar problems, despite having their true leader, Bonnie Prince Charlie present. Having successfully compulsive down to Derby, instead of marching for London, the Jacobites fled to Scotland, allowing the British to regroup and pursue them.The issue of poor leadership was compound by the inherent weakness of the Jacobite forces. They were predominantly comprised of Scottish highlanders, and anyone else that wished to join them, normally farmers. The men had little, if any, fighting experience and had never been trained in combat. Furthermore, they were poorly equiped, relying on homemade and captured weapons. The force was usually small, at its fully grownst during the 45 when it r to each oneed 12 000 men.This is contrast to the British armies that were defending London. Although, they were slow to react to both rebellions, they were far superior when they industrious the Jacobites in combat. In 1715, th e British army had just emerged victorious from the War of Spanish Succession. After far-famed victories, such as Blenhim, it became known as one of the most formidable fighting forces in Europe. It was large and well trained. Moreover, the Jacobite armies were hampered by internal divisions. The bulk of their men came from highland clans which were historically opposed. Many refused to fight with each other. This problem was particularly present in the rebellion of 45. The Jacobite cause had little hope when it was so weak in the face of such strong opposition.In Britain and Scotland the Jacobites support for the Jacobites was slight, waning further during the period. While Scotland whitethorn have been very(prenominal) pro-Jacobite in 1714, the Jacobite influence influence decreased radically until 1760. This is largely down to the fact that the people were forgetting the reasons for their hatred of the British crown. The Glencoe Massacre of 1690 was soon moved into oblivion. Me mories of the stuart kings faded as Britain enjoyed peace and successfulness under Hanoverian rule. Lastly, the benefits of Union with England became more apparent as Scotland grew economically and was less heavily taxed than before.In England itself, followers of the Jacobites were always few and far between, only decreasing in the period until 1760. England had always been very anti-Stuart, accusing James II and his predecessors of despotism. Thus, the Glorious Revolution of 1689 was welcomed by the majority of the population. The support that had come from the Tory party also wavered. This was because, after their defeat in the 1714 election, they were keener to rebuild politically than waste time on what was considered a hopeless task. This was compounded by the fact that two Tory leaders, Oxford and Bolingbroke were impeached in the run up to the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 and because Jacobitism grew to be associated with treason.The Jacobites could never rely on foreign suppor t. Louis XIV had originally pledged his allegiance to James Francis Stuart, pro avering him as King of England and promising resources. However, the loss of the War of Spanish Succession, and the subsequent acknowledgement of the Hanoverian succession, esnsured France would not, and could not, fund the Jacobites for a very long time. This was reinforced by the Anglo-French Entente of the 1720s, whereby Walpole and Fleury were keen to maintain the peace. The French did promote the Jacobites in the run-up to the 45, with a 15 000 invasion force at Dunkirk pay off to embark for England. However, poor last and the War of Austrian Succession diverted the troops. Similarly in 1719, a Spanish fleet was ready to set sail for England, in support of the Jacobites, only to be stopped by a storm. fewer other European nations were willing to fund the Jacobites. Seeing it as an worthless cause that would just acquire unnecessary aggression from Britain, the pre-eminent power in Europe.The lac k of foreign support was no doubt significant, as a large, well-supplied army was never received in Britain. However, even with the absence of this, the Jacobite rebellions drove deep into Britain. Similarly, the claim that Jacobite leaders were inept, while maybe true, does not fully explain the failure of the rebellions. The armies still enjoyed many victories and the British were often commanded by similarly worthless men. The inadequacy of the troops and the lack of domestic support are the most significant explanations for the failure of the Jacobites. Against such a strong British army, the Jacobites had little hope of victory. relate to this, is the lack of pro-Jacobite people in Britain. This was an underlying reason for the small number of people that would join the rebellion and further ensured that both times the revolts extended into England, they petered out due to the prevalent hostility of the people.

The Potassium Atom Philosophy Essay

The Potassium Atom Philosophy EssayThe Potassium constituent is a sh be of the group iodin family of stand metals. Due to the fact that group one and only(a) metals have only one negatron in their outer shell, means that potassium is an extremely reactive and electropositive element. A man send ford Sir Humphrey Davy was the beginning(a) to isolate this element in the course of study 1807 through the electrolysis of immensely dry molten virulent potash, otherwisewise know as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Its named later on the the old Dutch word potaschen heart potash. Its symbol on the fortnightly table is the letter K which stands for the Latin word kalium also essence pot ash.When calculating the electron itemise of Potassium, we can refer to its tingeic numerate on the periodic table as constituten in the following diagramhttp//exchangedownloads.smarttech.com/public/content/e4/e4296d16-d0f9-4787-bb8a-0695e616c828/previews/sm in wholly/0001.pngnuclear computeGra phic taken from exchange.smarttech.comThe memberic snatch exit always display the figure of positively aerated protons in an atom. The number of protons deep down the meat of an atom provide always reap an equal number of negatively superaerated electrons. Potassium has an atomic number of 19 which means it has 19 protons that ar attracting 19 negatively charged electrons in its neutral suppose.steradian ionThe Strontium atom which has lost 2 electrons is cognize as a Strontium ion. Strontium is a member of the group 2 alkaline terra firma metals. Having only ii electrons in its outer shell, Strontium is highly reactive handle all other group 2 metals. This element was discovered in Scotland by a humans named Adair Crawford in the year 1790 as the mineral strontianite. It was given its name after the Scottish village Strontian in which it was found in. However, in the year 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy was first to isolate Strontium on its own through the process of electr olysis. This comprised a salmagundi of mercuric oxide (HgO) and strontium chloride (SrCl2).When calculating the electron number of the Strontium ion, we can refer to the atomic number of the Strontium atom as shown on the periodic table.Atomic numberhttp//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTh8Q_XgZHS23iyIAsk1w9tJ-oRnslYnF6uVBLk2hNksebU7BKYGraphic taken from www.glogster.comglogster.com glogster.comWe can go out from the diagram above that the atomic number of Strontium is 38. This follows 38 positively charged protons in the nucleus that atomic number 18 attracting 38 negatively charged electrons in its neutral kingdom.Strontium has 2 valence electrons in its outer around shell. The Strontium ion has a 2+ charge (Sr2+) which means it has lost two of its valence electrons. It is overmuch easier for Strontium to lose these 2 electrons in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to gain 6 electrons to get an octet configuration.By substitutetracting 2 electrons f rom the electron number of Strontium (38), we are now able to calculate the Strontium ion as having an electron number of 36.Francium atomThe Francium atom was discovered in France by a lady named Marguerite Pere in the year 1939 who named the element after her country. The element is extremely radioactive and is a member of the Group 1 alkali metals, having only one valence electron in its outer shell. Francium (Fr) is a positively charged element and is willing to lose its outermost electron to achieve its noble gas state, otherwise known as a cation.Atomic numberhttps//www.store.acs.org/eweb/images/ACSStore/PT6498_thumb.jpgGraphic taken from www.store.acs.orgBy referring to the periodic table, one is able to delay that a neutrally charged Francium atom (Fr) has an atomic number of 87. This means that it has 87 positively charged protons in the nucleus which will attract 87 negatively charged electrons.Bromide ionThe bromine atom which has gained an electron is known as a Bromi ne ion. It was discovered in France by a gentleman named Antoine J Balard in the year 1826. Bromine has a particularly unpleasant smell and was on that pointfore named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench. It is a member of the group 17 family of Halogens which are incredibly reactive, non-metal elements. Bromine, including all other elements in this group, will borrow an electron to complete its octet configuration.Atomic numberAtomic numberhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcS8QR1k8J5qhYBNWA25hCmFuCcgoWd-FetYIcmXlaFV1J8v7qz6FCLyBAWe can see from the diagram above that the atomic number of a neutrally charged Bromine atom is 35. This shows that there are 35 positively charged protons inside the nucleus which will therefore attract 35 negatively charged electrons.Bromine has 7 valence electrons in its outermost shell. This gives the Bromide ion a -1 charge (Br -1) because it has only needed to gain 1 valence electron to get an octet configuration. It is easier for Bromine to gain one electron in order to achieve a noble gas state than it would be for it to lose 7 electrons to achieve the alike result. This is why Bromine is considered to be an anion.If we add the scanty one electron gained by Bromine, to its electron number of 35, we will then have the electron number for the Bromide ion which will be 36..The Mass Spectrometer is a device designed especially to rive ions via a mass to charge ratio. It deflects and detects ions and can record their intensities. A typical device is comprised of three of import parts. These parts are the ion source, a mass analyser and a detector. Once the molecule within a sample has been broken down into a gaseous state, the atoms of the sample go through a push 4 briny stages. These stages are called ionisation ( the production of positively charged ions), acceleration (positively charged ions speed up by an galvanizing field), deflection (positively charged ions are deflected in proportion to their mass/char ge ratio) and in the end the detection stage (positive ions of a particular mass/charge ratio are detected).1.2EXPLAIN THE heart OF ATOMIC ORBITAL, AND DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION, SHAPES AND RELATIVE ENERGY OF ELECTRON ORBITALS WITHIN THE FIRST FOUR SHELLS.Explain what you perceive by the term atomic orbital. Describe the distribution, shapes and relative qualification of atomic orbitals found within the first four shells in terms of the s, p, d and f orbitalsAn atomic orbital refers to the region of put where there is a high probability of finding an electron. It make outs the movement of a single electron or a pair of electrons within the atom. distributively atom is comprised of its main electron shells (hydrogen having only one main electron shell). These shells are known as quantum directs and can be broken down into sub energy train shells. The sub energy take aim shells can then be broken down into orbitals. Each main quantum level (identified as the K, L, M, N shells ), consists of one or more sub shells. The K quantum level has only one Sub shell (S sub shell). The L quantum level has two sub shells (S and P sub shells). The M quantum level has three sub shells (S, P and D sub shells) and the N quantum level has 4 subshells (S, P, D and F sub shells).Each electron has a negative charge which means that they resist one another. Due to this repulsion, energy from these electrons is then separated into different orbitals found around the nucleus. An atomic orbital can piss up to 2 electrons with opposing spins. The S sub shell has 1 orbital and can hold up to 2 electrons. The P sub shell has 3 orbitals and can hold up to 6 electrons. The D sub shell has 5 orbitals and can hold up to 10 electrons and the F sub shell has 7 orbitals, holding up to 14 electrons.Electrons can behave as a particle and as a fluctuate and this makes it impossible to accurately determine a alley for an electron orbital. Werner Heisenberg was a theoretical physicist who developed The Heisenberg uncertainty dominion in 1927. The Uncertainty rule was to string the impossibility of knowing both the position of an electron and the velocity of an electron simultaneously. Louis de Broglie was a french physicist who thought that anything which had a mass will also behave like a wave. However, it didnt seem as though objects with mass such as basket balls and people, actually had any wave properties at all. This is because the wave property is inversely proportional to the mass, so an object with a very tiny mass like an electron will have a very significant wave property. In 1927 an Austrian physicist name Erwin Schrodinger defined what an electron was doing inside of an atom based on it being a wave and not as a particle. He formulated The Schrdinger equation (H = E). The equation allowed one to obtain a set of mathematical equations known as wave functions () and by knowing these wave functions one could describe the probable location and velocity of an electron at a certain energy level within the atom. From the equation, four quantum numbers were derived. These numbers are employ to pin point the probable location of an electron and describe the orbital it is occupying. It is rather like a postal code, even though it doesnt give its microscopic location, it does provide one with an electrons general location in space. The 4 quantum numbers correspond to the principle quantum level number (n) which can be any whole number from 1-7, the subshell quantum number (l) which can be any integer from 0 to n-1, the orbital quantum number (ml) which has integral judges between 1, 0, -1 and the electron spin quantum number (ms) which has two possible take accounts of +1/2 and -1/2. By referring to these 4 numbers, one can predict the distance the electron is from the nucleus, the shape of the orbital, the position of the orbital and the spin of the electron.S orbitalGraphic utilise from angelfire.comBCAThe diagram on the left dis plays the S orbital occupying the first 3 energy levels. Each main energy level has an S orbital. Diagram a is the 1s orbital. The number 1 informs us that the orbital is in the energy level closest to the nucleus. Diagram b is the 2s orbital. This orbital is in the second energy level. Diagram c is the 3s orbital and is in the third energy level. The s describes the orbitals shape, with all S orbitals having a spherically symmetric (non directional) shape around the nucleus. The 2s and 3s electrons have a higher energy than the 1s electrons. This means that the 2s and 3s electrons are on average, further away from the nucleus and this increases the size of the orbital making the 2s and 3s orbitals larger than the 1s orbital. The corresponding (l) value of the S orbital is 0 which means that the value of (ml) is also 0. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTTNiJ4lHuR9TGSUhTt1dd1JKleilD3u2hiHKkrJZ7sTKQVPM3A1To8hEn8FAP orbitalGraphic used from chemtube3d.comThe P orbitals appear dif ferent to S orbitals and this is because they follow a certain direction, unlike the non-directional (spherical) S orbital. The P orbital appears on the second energy level also with the 2s orbital and can inhabit 6 electrons whilst the 2s orbital is only able to inhabit 2 electrons. There are three 2p orbitals which are all oriented perpendicular to one another. These orbitals are given the symbols px, py and pz to correspond to their position on the x, y, z axis. A P orbital consists of 2 lobes which can inhabit 2 electrons. However, once each P orbital has a single electron, then they will start to form pairs and fill each orbital with 2 electrons. As the energy levels increase, the P orbitals will get bigger in size (2p, 3p, 4p) which means that the space where the electron is likely to be found is a further distance away from the nucleus. The P orbital has an (l) value of 1 and an (ml) value of -1, 0, +1 because there are three possible orientations of the orbital in 3d space.h ttp//www.chemtube3d.com/images/porbitals.pngD orbitalGraphic used from angelfire.comhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTN3yvcX0Bp8llWJ80LaCj1mXYKffA_yQ_1UPwKpCEPLy38DAy92paVouDUPresented in the diagram on the left are five D orbitals on an x, y, z axis. The D orbitals (dyz, dxy, dz2, dxz, dx-y2) exist at the third energy level also with the 3s orbital and the 3px, 3py, 3pz orbitals. Each unmarried D orbital has a different orientation in 3 dimensional space and can inhibit up to 2 electrons, which is a total of 10 electrons between them. The surface of the D orbital and all of the space within it constitutes the space in which one is most likely to find the electron. The D orbital has an (l) value of 2 and as there are five different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space, it has an (ml) value of -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.F orbitalsGraphic used from angelfire.comThere are seven F orbitals that exist on the fourth energy level as well as the 4s orbital, the 4px, 4py, 4pz orbi tals and the 4dyz, 4dxy, 4dz2, 4dxz, 4dx-y2 orbitals. Each individual F orbital can hold up to 2 electrons which is a total of 14 electrons between them. If we were to plot the positions of the electron within the F orbital in all of the different locations it was found, we would start to form a 3 dimensional map of the places that the electron has traveled in. These 3 dimensional maps are described in the diagrams shown on the right hand side. Each of these shapes represent where the electron is most likely to be found 90% of the time. The F orbital has an (l) value of 3 and as http//www.angelfire.com/falcon2/dirgni/f.gifThere are seven different possible orientations of this orbital in 3d space,It has an (ml) value of -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.1.3APPLY THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE, HUNDS RULE AND PAULI PRINCIPLE TO THE WRITING OF THE FULL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS FOR ANY ELEMENT WITH AN ATOMIC round BETWEEN 1 AND 36Describe what you understand by the Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rule and Pa uli Principle. In terms of the above, show the full electronic configuration of any element with an atomic number between 12 and 36When it comes to filling electron energy diagrams, one has to obey three different rules. These rules are known as The Aufbau Principle, Hunds Rules and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.The Aufbau Principle explains that orbitals of lowest energy are filled first from the bottom and then upwards. transfer rule principle states that if we were to have multiple orbitals of the very(prenominal) energy, then one should place an orbital in each forwards they double up. The Pauli Principle states that no two electrons in an atom have the same four quantum numbers. All three rules are explained in further detail below.Aufbau PrincipleThe Aufbau Principle was founded by two physicists named Neils Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the 1920s. The name originates from a German expression, meaning to build out. The principle describes the way electrons are added to an atom or a molecule and shows that orbitals of a lower energy are filled before orbitals of a higher energy. It shows us that an orbital can only inhibit 2 electrons at most with no two electrons having the same four quantum numbers within an atom.Pauli Exclusion PrincipleThe Pauli Exclusion Principle was formulated by a Gentleman named Wolfgang Pauli in the year 1925. Fermions are any particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons which have an odd half spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle explains that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state. However, Bosons which are particles that have an integer spin (0,1,2,3..) and carry force, do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle. try out results described fermions as being repelled by the Pauli Exclusion Principle when the temperature dropped whilst Boson particles were not repelled. The Principle explains why electrons are kept increasingly further away from the nucleus when quantum states fill up, balanced by the attractive e lectric force between the electron and the positively charged nucleus. It has been discovered that some stars are held up by degenerate pressure which resulted from the Pauli Exclusion Principle.Hunds RulesThe Hunds Rules were a set of formulated rules developed by a German Physicist named Friedrich Hund in 1927. The Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity explains the particular order that electrons fill subshells. The Rule says that the electron will inhibit orbitals of an equal energy level in order to create the largest multitude of orbitals having an electron within them. It clearly states that when one is to fill up a subshell, they should start by putting electrons in the individual orbitals of 2p (such as 2px then 2py, then 2pz) instead of filling each orbital up with two electrons before continuing on to the next orbital of the axis. Simply, the orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly and with fit spins before they occupy in pairs. The Hunds rule teaches that the greater the total spin state of the electron will result in making the atom a lot more stable, manifested most commonly in a lower energy state. This is due to the fact that it forces the unpaired electrons to inhibit in different spatial orbitals.Below is the a diagram showing the application of the three rules (Aufbau Principle, PEP, Hunds Rule) when building the electron configuration for entropy (S) in group 6 on the periodic table.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4http//img174.imageshack.us/img174/9436/electronicconfigurationvv8.jpg3P3S2PAbove is a diagram of the Bohr model of south atom taken frommugging-chocobos.blogspot.comIn the diagram above, we can see that all 3 rules have been applied. The Aufbau principle (building from the bottom upwards), the Pauli Exclusion Principle (2 electrons with opposing spin within each orbital) and the Hunds Rule (each individual electron will inhibit a spatial orbital separate from one another before conjugation up in the same orbital).1S2S

Technology Management And Social Media Management Essay

technology Management And Social Media Management EssayThe world is changing and the changes that ar taking place ar having an impact on business ecesiss all over the world. One big change is the advancements in technology. in the raw technologies such as social media are changing or improving the way business gets done. (Module SHRM, 2004, p.g.2-6) fit in to the Garavan, et al., (1999), p.g.174 other big changes may include product or market changes, external and internal sweat market changes, changing skill requirements within industries and the availability of skilled peeers from outside the organization.Further more(prenominal), the size of these changes disregard be big and the speed of these changes house be fast. How are organizations responding to such changes? Organizations flip to change along with the environmental changes. One way they stooge change is to change the way they think about people. It has often been tell that people are an organizations roughl y historic asset. On the surface, this expression seems to be consistent with one of the nigh of the essence(p) ideas of SHRM-that an organizations matched edge and ability to succeed is derived from its intellectual assets, which are found mainly in the people working at an organization but in the face of the big environmental changes, the saying does not seem to be totally correct. The reason is that the value of the assets is not presumable to stay regular in the turbulent environment. For example, in order to consumption the new technologies that are now available, the people of an organization volition have to have the right skills. Organizations with the right people will have the ability to guide on profit of the new technologies while those that do not may eventually lose out. According to the engagement Standard Chartered Bank bailiwick study illustrates the employees into five categories which are high-potentials, critical resources, core contributors, underac hievers, and underperformers. The truthfulness is that there are underperformers in practically every organization and they advisenot be rightly considered as assets, and as suggested in the Standard Chartered Bank case study, the underperformers may have to be managed out.An organization can get the right people through several ways. One way is to hire but this could charm out to be an expensive option. Another option is to upgrade the existing adult male assets through human resource development (HRD) activities. HRD activities are concerned with the fostering and development of people as come up as their education. Such activities can be formal or informal and all may be reason more or less as check outing. According to Garavan, et al., (1999), p.g.174 HRD practitioners dream of creating learnedness organizations-organizations that learn adapt and innovate as cohesive units. HRD practitioners are strong supporters of learning organizations because they believe, as one ma nagement guru puts it, that the ability to learn faster that ones competitors may be the except sustainable war-ridden advantage. In short, sustainable competitive advantage is an important HRD outcome. Garavan, et al., (1999), p.g.174 stated that another important outcome is organizational innovative capacity, but before competitive advantage and organizational innovative capacity can come about, learning has to happen first.HRD can exploit several key roles in helping organizations achieve learning. To illustrate how HRD can help companies do well in the current environment, I will use the case of a hoax but unless believable Malaysian company. This Malaysian company has a relatively large presence in the character and it has decided to introduce aggroups as part of its response to the environmental changes. The main reason for doing so is because the whirligig management felt that teams are able to respond more quickly to customers and their frequently changing adopts. I t should be pointed out that for a long time, the company has been hierarchical and bureaucratic in its management style, so adopting a new organizational form is quite a big change as well as a big challenge.HRD can help the fake Malaysian company in several ways. Firstly, it is diaphanous that the workers need to learn new skills in order to remain effective in the new team environment. HRD can help to identify the skill gaps and address those gaps at the individual, team and organizational levels or whatsoever level that is relevant (Module SHRM, 2004, p.g.291-293). In the case of the Malaysian company, part of the learning has to include hard adept training. That is because it has offices all over the region so it has no choice but to go virtual and its workers need to learn how to use information and communication technologies effectively to make the teamwork work. In addition, the learning will have to include cross-cultural communication and teamwork. Many nationalities wo rk in that company and different nationalities communicate and do things differently. Therefore, the people at the company need to be trained so that they can communicate and work effectively as a cohesive multi-cultural team.Secondly, according to the module SHRM, (2004), p.g.291-293, HRD can act as gas for change and in the case of the fake Malaysian company, cultural change may be curiously critical. Culture is the way people do things at a particular organization. Culture can besides be considered as the wisdom and knowledge that an organization has accumulated throughout the years of its existence. The change from a hierarchical, bureaucratic style to a team-working style is in part a cultural change. Culture is moreover difficult to change partly because it has contributed to the organizations past successes. Imagine telling a 20-year veteran in the fake Malaysian company who has risen to a fairly high level, a person who is so utilize to the hierarchical and bureaucratic style of working, that he now has to work in a team. It is very likely that he will resist the change. So, the veteran needs to learn to accept the need for change and last change himself. In this case, training may not the crush learning solution. More informal HRD activities such as teach or counselling may be more appropriate in this flesh of situation.Indeed, the correct choice of HRD activities is critically important in ensuring that learning really takes place. In this particular context, learning means that the skills picked up by the participants of a training programme are immediately put into use at the office. It can also mean people showing the behaviours that an organization considers highly desirable and important for organizational success, such as teamwork. The transfer to the workplace however does not happen mechanically and HRD practitioners can play a role to ensure that the transfer will eventually take place. HRD can do so by getting things right from the start, by making sure that the content and delivery are right, which is HRDs third role in helping an organization achieve learning. Take training as an example. In most organizations, approximately of the training can be conducted by in-house experts but not all of it. So HRD practitioners will have to source for training solutions from the outside and they will also have to perform few sort of quality control on the solutions. That is the content side of things. Great trainers complete the picture by giving great delivery. Some people think training equals HRD, but is that true and is training incessantly the best solution? The truth is this, training is not the only solution and it is not always the best solution. Lets look again at the 20-year veteran case. As mentioned, I do not think training is the best solution in that case. What may be more appropriate for the veteran is one-to-one coaching or counselling. Coaching, counselling and mentoring can be considered as deliver y mechanisms. Other delivery mechanisms include e-learning or formal education. HRD practitioners need to know the strengths and weaknesses of each mechanism and make the right choice. In addition, HRD practitioners cannot assume managers automatically know how to train, coach, counsel or mentor. HRD practitioners can help the people involved get trained in both content development and delivery. At the end of the day, HRD practitioners need to know what works best in any given situation and give their recommendations and they should never forget that the learning outcomes of the selected content must be in alignment with the organisational objectives and that the delivery should be good so that the transfer of learning is likely to occur.Finally, HRD can play a role in the creation of a learning climate or environment. This is important because a learning climate can help embed learning within an organizations culture. Learning can take place anytime, anywhere. However, as implied a bove, learning may not be an easy thing for some people and if we look back at the 20-year veteran, some people may even resist learning. In that particular case, it is probably more of an unwillingness to learn than an inability to learn but in the case of the fake Malaysian company, they are now told more or less that their way of working is no longer good enough. The implication is that they are incompetent, an implication that will likely hurt the self-esteem of umpteen a veteran. Therefore, in order to encourage learning, organizations have to make it safe to learn. The safety that we are talking about is psychological safety. HRD practitioners have a less direct role to play here. It is the top management, the leaders, who will have to play a major role. They will have to lead the way. For example, leaders have to take in ways to encourage people to take risks. As pointed out by Garavan, et al., (1999), p.g.174 innovation will only take place in organizations where the organ izational culture empowers individuals and accepts risk taking. In the same way, when people learn, they may in fact be taking risks but risk-taking can result in founderures and when people fail in their attempts at learning, they become open to attacks, especially from their bosses. For instance, the 20-year veteran may need relatively more time to learn the new technologies and he may well experience some hiccups along the way. So before people are willing to learn, people must be confident that they wont be punished when they fail, that they wont be attacked when they are down. In short, learners have to place great trust in their bosses, especially during times of failures. So leaders have to somehow show that it is OK to make mistakes and fail. It is easier tell than done, but the adoption of this leadership style may pave the way towards innovation and sustainable competitive advantage.All in all, HRD can play four roles in helping companies achieve SHRM and organizational outcomes and the most important outcome may well be learning itself.

Mechanisms in the Cardiovascular System

Mechanisms in the Cardiovascular arrangementThe mechanism of the pithing challenge of the essence bunghole be categorized in three phases- the coevals of an natural action potential, conduction of the action potential and cardiac ponderosity densification (action potential- energy contraction coupling). The action potential is generated the vary autorythmic myocardial cubicleular telephones located at the Sino atria (SA) node. The potential spreads to the atria and enters the content ventricles by the atria ventricular (AV) node from where it is conducted by dint ofout the ventricles by the mint of His and the purkinje fictional character. The action potential triggers vigor contraction as it sweeps almost the spunk1.As the cardiac vigours contract and relax the heart beats repeatedly, in the process receiving and watching broth, first to the lungs hence to the rest of the tree trunk. As it leaves the heart, the gilly combineer carries with it oxygen and nutrients to the body and brings behind metabolic wastes from the body cadres 1, 2.However, much as it supplies telegraph line of products to the rest of the body, the heart itself needs farm animal to support its metabolic activity. The heart is so supplied by the coronary thrombosis arteries which branch off from the aorta. Reduction in the volume of this coronary flow keister greatly impair the pumping action of the heart and if not treated, tin cause heart failure. A number of treatment options ranging from operative to drugs argon available2b.THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMThe cardiovascular system is an organ system credi dickensrthy for distribution of nutrients and oxygen to the bodys cells and removal of metabolic byproducts from the cells. It consists of the following line of merchandise which carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and metabolic byproducts away from the cellsThe pipeline vessels which are the pathways done which business flowsThe heart which re ceives and pumps declivity. Embedded in the heart are valves that control kin flow and ensure that blood flows in a contract direction3,8.THE HEARTIn brief, the heart is a muscular organ enclosed in a prongy walled sack called the pericardium. It is about the size of a fist and weighs between 250 grams and 350 grams. It is located within the medial quarry of the bureau between the second and fifth intercostal space, just on the superior surface of the diaphragm, forward to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum7.The heart is divided in quartet chambers, the obligation and left atria, the discipline and left ventricle. The circulation process is such that the sound atrium receives blood from the rest of the body through the veincavea and feeds it to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonic artery to be oxygenated. Blood from the lungs comes back to the left atrium through the pulmonary mineral vein and finally to the left ventric le. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body though the aorta and arteries7,1.The Mechanism of midpoint functionThe most authorized function of the heart is to pump blood. The mechanism by which the heart pumps blood bottomland be understood by examining the events that lead to cardiac muscle contraction. The contraction process starts with the generation of an action potential from the sinoatrial (SA) node giving rise to a depolarisation wave. The wave spreads through the atria, entree the ventricles through the atrioventricular (AV) node and is conducted throughout the ventricles by the bundle of His and the purkinje fibers1.Generation of action potential.The heart is compose of two kinds of cardiac muscle cells- the contractile and autorythmic cells. The contractile cells are trusty for the mechanical work of pumping and whence form the bulk of the cardiac muscles. However, these cells need to be excited before they can contract. Highly specialise autoryth mic cells are responsible for generation and conduction of the excitation signal-the action potential1,3. These autorythmic cells are found in ad hoc regions of the heart that includeThe SA node. This is a small region located at the upper wall of the right atrium.The AV node. This is a bundle of the autorythmic cells found at the lower wall of the right atrium, near the septum that separates the atria from the ventricles.The bundle of His. This is a bundle of specialized conductive cells that originate from the AV node and runs down the septum between the ventricles. It separates into the right and left bundles serving the respective ventricles.The purkinje fiber. These can be regarded as terminations of the bundle of His. They spread everyplace the petty(a) of the ventricles.The locations of the autorythmic cells are the origin and pathways of the action potential3.The cardiac action potentialThe SA node is the pace maker of the heart. It sets the frequency at which the heart b eats. Looking at the cardiac cell, the action potential starts by the reorganization of the intracellular and extracellular concentration of green, sodium, chloride and atomic number 20 ions due to changes in the cell tissue layer permeability. A graph masking a typical myocardial cell action potential is shown in find out 1 below. intention 1 Cardiac cell action potential. Source4As in the graph, the different phases represent different st hop ons of depolarization of the cardiac cell.Phase 4 In this phase, the cell is at rest. In the resting state, the cell membrane is to a greater extent permeable to potassium and therefore the resting potential is more or less equal to the potassium sense of balance potential (-90mV).Phase 0 As the potential slowly rises, the voltage-gated sodium channels open trail to a rapid influx of potassium into the cell causing rapid depolarization. At the same time, the membrane permeability to potassium slowly scarletuces as the potassium channel s close. This process takes the membrane potential to somewhat +20Mv before the sodium channels suddenly close.Phase 1 On inactivation of the sodium channels, potassium continues to leak out of the cell and chloride ions go into the cell causing a small downward warp of the action potential.Phase 2 At this stage, there is increased permeability of the membrane to atomic number 20 ions. The inward calcium movement is balanced by an outward movement of potassium ions accounting for the relatively tied(p) phase 2.Phase 3 An increase in the permeability of potassium outweighs the inward calcium menses and eventually tips the potential of the cell. This is the repolarization phase and the cell goes back to its resting potential, phase 43,4.Excitation-contraction couplingAs described in muscle contraction, the action potential-contraction coupling is due to the release of calcium from the cells sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium combines with troponin which regulates the tropomyosi n, removing it from the covering site. This allows myosin to bind to actin consequently making the muscle to contract3.The cardiac cycleThe depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac cell described above triggers the contraction and relaxation to the atria and ventricles of the cell. The cardiac cycle is divided in two principal(prenominal) phases, diastole which is the fulfilment of relaxation and systole which is the period of contraction.Systole. During this phase, the depolarization wave starts from the SA node, spreading first through the atria and causing the atria to contact first. This forces blood from the atria to the ventricles. At this time, the atrioventricular valves are open while the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed. The depolarization wave then enters the ventricles through the AV node, spreading over all the ventricles via the specialized conductive bundle of His and the purkinje network. This causes the ventricles to contract forcing the blood to t he lungs through the pulmonary vein and the rest of the body through the aorta. Here the atrioventricular valves close while the pulmonary and aortic valves open5,3.Diastole. After contraction of the atria, the cells are repolarized. This allows the atria to relax and so allowing blood to flow into them through the vena cavea. After the ventricular contraction, the ventricles also relax awaiting to be filled with blood from the atria5.THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMThe circulatory system is give way of the cardiovascular system and is divided into the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart9.The systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and brings back deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart9.Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava and flows through the tricuspid val ve into the right ventricle. It is pumped from the right ventricle through thepulmonary semilunar valveinto the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary veins and enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve. It is the pumped through the aortic valve, to the aorta then through the arteries to the rest of the body. It is evident that oxygen is very important in metabolic activity of the body cells 3,9.Transport of oxygen by the cardiovascular systemThe red blood cells.One of the functions of the cardiovascular system is to distribute oxygen around the body. Oxygen is carried in blood by the red blood cells. Understanding the structure of the red blood cells leave behind help us to understand how it is able to carry oxygen.The molecule of a red blood cell is collected of four polypeptide chains with each polypeptide chain having an iron-containing heme group. Each of the four iron atoms can combine reversibly with oxygen according to the equationO2+HbHbO2. It is therefore executable that each molecule of hemoglobin can carry up to four molecules of oxygen1b,2b.Oxygen uptakeBlood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated. In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher than that in the blood and the partial pressure of century dioxide in the alveoli is lower than that in the blood. The pressure differences make it possible for oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the blood, thus binding to the iron in the hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide on the other hand diffuses from the blood to the lungs. Carrying oxygen, blood is returned to the left atria then to the left ventricle which pumps it to the rest of the body2c.Oxygen releaseIn the tissues and organs, the cells are undergoing metabolism, continually consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. This nitty-gritty that the intracellular partial pressure of oxygen is lower than that in the blood and the intracellular partial pressure o f carbon dioxide is higher than that in the blood. Again the pressure differences make it possible for oxygen to diffuse from the blood to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the blood, binding once more with the iron in the hemoglobin. Therefore, as blood flows around the body, it continually distributes oxygen2c,6.BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEARTcoronary flowIn order to dress its functions, the heart an abundant tack on of oxygen and nutrients and therefore needs a dedicated supply of blood. Coronary circulation is that part of the systemic circulation that provides blood supply to the heart. Just as the aorta leaves the left ventricle, it gives of the right and left coronary arteries9. The left coronary artery divides into smaller braches supplying blood to the apex and the posterior side of the heart, the ventricles and part of the anterior interventricular septum, the left atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery supplies the lateral ver balism of the right atrium and ventricle, the posterior wall of both ventricles and the SA node9,10.Effect of expurgated coronary flow on cardiac functionThe energy demand of the cardiac muscle is so crucial that an interruption of blood supply to any part of the myocardium can cause necrosis within minutes9. A decrease in coronary flow to levels below normal is called myocardial ischemia. The ischemia can be caused by vascular spasms of the coronary arteries, atherosclerosis or increased activity of the heart beyond levels that the coronary arteries can supply10.Temporary or reversible obstruction of coronary blood flow can cause chest pain cognise as angina pectoris9. Chronic myocardial ischemia can lead to myocardial infarction where myocardial cells die and are replaced by scar tissue. decreased coronary flow therefore can shanghai cardiac function in some(prenominal) ways.If the heart is not able to meet its metabolic demand, it can be understood that it will not be able t o pump enough blood to the body. Reduced blood flow to the rest of the body can result in serious physiological and diseased conditions which are beyond the scope of this essay.With the death of some cardiac cells as in the case of continuing ischemia, several other life threatening conditions can arise which affect cardiac function. One of such dangerous conditions is ventricular fibrillation which is an abnormal pulse generation triggered by the damaged myocardial cells. The heart will not be able to pump blood but will just quiver around without any net out spue. Death can occur within minutes2b,6.Treatment of reduced coronary flowOther immediate effects like ventricular fibrillation caused by reduced coronary flow can be treated by defibrillation. However, the main cause of reduced coronary flow is coronary artery occlusion or restriction and the following treatment options are availableCoronary bypass This is a surgical technique where the occluded coronary artery is cut and r eplaced by a new blood vessel, usually a vein taken from somewhere in the patients body2b.Coronary balloon angiography (cardiac catheterization) This is another surgical procedure where a catheter containing a balloon at its tip is passed into the occluded artery. The balloon is enlarged thus stretching the artery and opening it in the process2b.The use vasodilator drugs such as nitroglycerine These drugs exposit the coronary artery thereby lowering the total peripheral resistance. This reduces the work the heart must do in ejecting blood. This is usually given to people who have already suffered myocardial infarction to reduce the venture of another occurance2b,10.A person at risk of myocardial infarction can be put a low cholesterol, low fat diet to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and takes aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clot formation.ConclusionThe cardiovascular system is one of the most important systems of the body. in all the other systems and organs of the body de pgoal on it for supply of oxygen and nutrients and removal of metabolic wastes. The heart acts as a pump to make sure blood is circulated to all parts of the body through pulmonary and systemic circulations9. However, the heart itself needs supply of blood in order to perform its main function of pumping blood and the heart is supplied by the coronary circulation. Reduction in coronary flow means the heart will not be able to meet it metabolic needs and therefore cannot pump enough blood. This can adversely affect normal activity of the body and cause death10.ReferencesSherwood L. Fundamentals of physiology a human perspective. St. Paul Minn due west publishing company 1991.190-1991b. Sherwood L. Fundamentals of physiology a human perspective. St. Paul Minn West publishing company 1991.263-266Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. homo physiology, the mechanisms of body function, 7th edition. capital of Massachusetts McGrow-Hill 1998. 387-389.2b. Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human ph ysiology, the mechanisms of body function, seventh edition. Boston McGrow-Hill 1998. 374-377.2c. Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D. Human physiology, the mechanisms of body function, seventh edition. Boston McGrow-Hill 1998. 479-483.Koeppen M B, Stanton A B. Berne and Levy physiology, sixth edition. Philadelphia, PA Mosby/Elsevier 2008. 289-303Serguei Semenov (2009) Lecture notes. Physiological measurements, ecg/pacemakers/defibrillators.Cohen J B, Wood L D. Structure and function of the human body, seventh edition. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2000. 195-204.Vandegriff K.D, Benazzi L, Ripamonti M, Perrella M, Tellier Le Y.C, Zegna A, Winslow R M. Determination of the rate and equilibrium constants for oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to R-state human Hemoglobin,199 The daybook of Biological Chemistry 266 (26) 17049-17059Elaine N M, Katja H. Human configuration and physiology, seventh edition. Menlo Park gum benjamin Cummings 2007.674-681Sherwood L. Human physiolog y from cells to systems, sixth edition. Belmont, CA homson/Brooks/Cole 2007.300-304Saladin K S. Anatomy and physiology The unity of form and function, fifth edition. virginal membrane McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2009.683-755Stanfield C L, Germann W J, Niles J N, Cannon J G. Principles of human physiology, third edition. San Francisco Pearson/Benjamin Cummings 2009. 361-366Skeletal MuscleQuestionDescribe the structure of skeletal muscle and how it contracts (90) and discuss a disease that whitethorn arise from this system (10)The structure of skeletal muscle and the mechanism of muscle contraction including muscle disease (1553 Words)1.0 ABSTRACTSkeletal Muscle is a form of fibrous tissue with the fibers set up parallel to each other. A muscle fiber (cell) is surrounded by the endomysium. A group of these cells is wrap by fascicles. Bundles of fascicles are covered by the perimysium and bundles of the perimysium are wrapped by the epimysium to form a muscle. The muscle fibers hav e contractile properties which enable them to move bony levers in order to beget skeletal movement1. The running(a) unit of the muscle fiber is the sacomere which consists of most importantly, actin and myosin. The actin and myosin are arranged such that during contraction, they can slide over each other thus shortening the muscle2.Muscles suffer from many diseases, one of which is polymyositis. This is an inflammatory myopathy that affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and those around the torso. It affects all age groups but has been noticed mainly in late childhood and primal adulthood. The sypmtomps are nonspecific but results in general muscle weakness and the cause, though believed to be an assault by the white blood cells, is not very clear10.2.0 The Structure of Skeletal Muscle.In daily life, structures and arrangements of designs are dictated, to a large extent by the purpose and function for which the design is meant for. Knowing that skeletal muscle is made up main ly of fibrous tissues, the arrangement of these tissues and how they are bound together to maintain a particular shape in order to accomplish different purposes (mainly to generate force and produce movement) whitethorn to a large extent, define the structure of the muscle4.At a macro level, the skeletal muscle is be of bundles of individual muscle fibers, the supporting structure called the basal lamina, and the association tissue sheaths as shown in figure 1. These connective tissues bind the cells together giving them strength and partly providing mechanical protection2. We can examine these connective tissues and their functions as follows2.1 The basal lamina. This is an extracellular matrix that acts as a scaffold on which a cell sits. It has been realized that apart from providing morphologic support, the basal lamina can orient and constrain cell during the process of regeneartion3.2.2 The endomysium. This is a fine sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individua l muscle cell. The endomysium consist of loosely lace fibers composed mainly of collagen4.2.3 The perimysium and fascilces. The individual muscle fibers wrapped by the endomysium, are grouped together in what is called fascicles. A layer of fibrous tissue called the perimysium wraps each fascicle4.2.4 The epimysium. This is the outside layer that finally wraps the whole muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue4.Figure 1Source http//www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Muscular/muscle_structure.jpg3.0 The muscle cellHaving described how individual muscle cells are organized into a muscle, it is imperative that we look at the structural composition of the cell itself. Just like many other cells in the body are specialized according to their functions, skeletal muscle cells are specialized to produce force and movement5. The skeletal muscle fiber is thus composed of mainly three structural elements-the myofibrils, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitocho ndria, each contributing a alone(p) aspect of muscle function. The entire function of the muscle can be attributed to the shifts in proportions of these three structures6.3.1 The Myofibrills. These are cylindrical specialized sub-units within the muscle fiber. They consist of two vitrines of contractile protein chains-the thin strings referred to as actin and the three-ply filaments referred to as myosin. The two most important parameters of the myofibrils are their diameter which determines its strength and the fiber length which determines it contraction velocity and distance over which the fiber can contract. The myofibril consist of two filaments-actin and myosin6,2.3.1.1 Actin (thin filament). Actin filaments are responsible for regulation of contraction. The actin filament is formed by a helical arranged of actin monomers which is an ambiguous protein2 (figure 2). Because of the helical nature, a long grove is formed along the filament and the protein troponin is located a t intervals along the length of the actin filament. It is troponin which is responsible for turning on contraction2,7.Figure 2.The actin molecule. Source http//www.ucl.ac.uk/sjjgsca/Muscleslidingfilament1.gif3.1.2 The Myosin (thick filament). Myosin filament is about 150nm long. It has a dark and two heads. The tail is formed by two helical shaped fibers that coil around each other. A prayer of several of these helical tails together form a myosin filament (figure 3)4b.Figure 3. The myosin molecule. Source http//webanatomy.net/anatomy/myosin.jpg.3.2 The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Groups of about 200 thick and thin filaments constitute a myofibril. Each myofibril is thus enclosed in a membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum8. The SR membrane stores and releases calcium during muscle contraction and relaxation. The SR can therefore be thought of as the functional unit of the myofibril9.3.3 The mitochondria. Found within the cell cytoplasm, the mitochondria are responsible for g eneration of most of the cells energy by the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). There are several mitochondria distributed along the length of a myofibril4.4.0 The mechanism of muscle contractionMuscle contraction can for the most part be attributed to the structure of actin and myosin, their arrangement within the SR and the interaction between them in order to produce force (Figure 4). This type of arrangement allows the thin actin filaments to slide in and out by the action distil of the myosin heads8b.Figure 4. Actin and myosin arrangement Source http//www.exrx.net/Images/ActinMyosin.gifMuscles are composed of a number of actin and myosin filaments arranged in serial in a basic unit called the sacomere. The sacomere consists of a thick filament in the meddle and two thin filaments, one overlapping on each side. The heads of the thick filament attach to the thin filament at the overlap and these heads allow movement in only one direction. When activated, each thick fi lament head rachets repeatedly along the actin, pulling the two actins closer together.Since the actin are attached to the Z line (The distance between two Z lines form the sacomere), ends of the sacomere (Z lines) are pulled in and the sacomere shortens. The sacomeres are arranged in series so that when the muscle fiber contracts, all the sacomeres contract simultaneously transmitting the force to the end of the muscle. The whole process of contraction described above occurs when the muscle is electrically stimulated2b.5.0 Muscle stimulation.Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. The reception of the motor stimulus (action potential) opens the calcium channels allowing calcium which is stored in the SR to be released. The release of calcium causes the release of acetylcholine-Ach (neurotransmitter). The calcium binds to the troponin on the actin filament. Troponin then regulates the tropomyosin which obstructs binding sites for myos in. This allows the tropomyosin to move, unblocking the bonding site. Myosin then binds to the unblocked site on the actin and applies a pull. This will pull the Z bands towards each other thus shortening the sacomere, causing muscle contraction2b.However, as calcium is released, the ATP-dependent calcium pump is activated and it continuously pumps calcium back to the SR to be stored again. This leads to a drop in calcium level within the cytoplasm. When the calcium level is too low, the calcium binding action to troponin is terminated, releasing tropomyosin which again blocks the binding site. This stops the interaction between actin and myosin thus relaxing the muscle2b.6.0 Muscle DiseasesThere are a number of muscular diseases and disorders ranging from acquired, familial to congenital. Limiting ourselves to one of the acquired disorders of the muscles, lets look at polymyositis.6.1 Polymyositis (PM).PM is a type of muscle inflammatory myopathy. Just like the name suggests, this disease causes discharge of the muscle fiber. Although the causes of the disease are not well understood, it is believed that PM begins when white blood cells, spontaneously invade muscles. This can result in severe muscle weakness. Polymyositis is a persistent disease characterized by periods of increased and reduced or no symptoms. PM affects mainly the muscles of the thorax and is more common in women than men. It is said to affect all age groups although is it commonly noted in early childhood or 20s10.Key pathologic and diagnostic features of the disease.Endomysial fervour. This is the inflammation of the outer connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber. This is done by the white blood cells that leave the blood and enter the tissue, somehow confirming the earlier assertion that the PM begins when white blood cells invade muscles. assault of myofibers by autoaggressive lymphocytes. This is when the T lymphocytes begin to attack the intact myofibers. Unlike in muscle dy strophy where inflammation is associated with degenerating myofibers, the invasion of T lymphocytes causes inflammation of health myofibers in PM.This causes inflammation of healthy myofibers.Other diagnostic features that may not be exactly specific to PM include myofiber necrosis, myophagocytosis, myofiber atrophy and fibrosis, a feature of degenerative PM10,11.7.0 ConclusionHuman movement is only possible because of the action of muscle contraction. Voluntary contraction of muscle is made possible by the somatic nervous system which sends out an action potential set off the contraction process. The process is accomplished by the sliding of myosin and actin over each other.Many diseases and disorders affect muscles, braggy among them is muscular polymyosis which causes inflammation of the muscles mainly around the torso. Its believed to be caused by the unwanted action of the white blood cells and the symptoms include muscle weakness.

Finding the Gravitational Constant: Cavendish Experiment

Finding the Gravitational Constant Cavendish ExperimentMatt Cramb The sample explored the tier of gravitational attr work, how it was discovered and derived from observations and experimentations, and attempted to recreate those initial tests. This was done to determine whether an emergence in rush leading ontogenesis the force of gravity, a disceptation which was dungeoned by the experimental selective learning, contempt the numerous flaws inherent in the experimental design.Finding GravityGravity is one of the four aboriginal forces of nature, and Nave, R (2017) to a fault explains that it is the force responsible for constructing and regulating the movement of galaxies, stars, and planets.In 1687, Isaac Newton formulated his famous Equation of Universal Gravitation based, purported by Physics Classroom (2016), on an injury in an apple orchard. whatever(prenominal) the circumstances, it had far reaching impacts on the science of the time. But something crucial was a bsentminded from his equation.Newton knew from scientists before him that the force exerted by gravity grew weaker as infinite between objects affected by gravity increased, or represented mathematic all(prenominal)yWhereThis was nonhing new for science of the time, that Newtons major discovery was that of the catholicity of gravity, which indicated that all objects which possess mass also exerted gravitational forces. This discovery direct to a nonher addition to the equation, beca purpose Kurtus, R (2016) reports Newton realized that objects with less mass exerted weaker gravitational forces.Therefore, he postulated thatWhereTo convert this theory into an equation, Newton only pauperisationful one frequently piece. A constant was ask to purpose the ask gravitational forces on objects. This constant was called the gravitational constant, or G.In the equation, G presents as followsHowever, the rate for G wasnt embed until much later, by lord Henry Cavendish, over a cen tury later. The Cavendish ExperimentIn Cavendishs experiment, check to Shectman, J (2003) dickens orbital cavitys were attached at opposite ends of a spear which is hang up from the ceiling of a custom-built shed by a thin fit out. Masses be pose to the sides of the spheres, to attract them, exerting gravitational forces competent to rotate the disseminate to a measurable degree. Cavendish metric the movement of the radio beam of light use a telescope impersonateed far from the shed.To use this apparatus to calculate G, a formula mustiness be created, using torque, oscillation period, complication constant, inertia and gravitational forces.The torque on the beam hind end be mensurable by the angle of deflection of the k nontiness wire, using Hookes lawWhereHowever, torque can also be peckerd by the hobby expressionWhereTorque can also be calculated as a vector product with this equationWhereAnd because, in this experimental setup, r and F argon perpendicular vectors, at that place are cardinal F, and r is half the length of the beamCombining these two formula unitedly endings in the undermentionedFrom Newton, the formula for force was also known, and could be substituted in from to a high place.The deformation constant was measured by Cavendish by disturbing the beam, indeed measuring the period of oscillation. This can be done using the down the stairs equation.WhereThis moment of inertia can be calculated from the sum moments of the two spheres at each end of the beam.The moment of inertia for each sphere is calculated by the equationSince each sphere had equal mass, the integrality I is equal toInserting this into the period formula and rearranging for the complicatedness coefficient givesWhen inserted into the formula for torsion coefficient higher up, gives the followingWith this equation, the measurements needed to be interpreted from the experimental apparatus areVariableExplanationUnitsmRadmkgs apply the experimental setup described above, according to Kurtus, R (1997) Cavendish driven preliminary examination Trials Failed AttemptsFor this experiment, two previous(prenominal) iterations of the experiment were run. The first was to determine the inclemency of running such an experiment, and the stake was a full-scale experiment which provided no useful data.The first experiment was done using a meter-long beam and tennis balls attached to either end. A laser beam reflected get through a mirror attached to the torsion wire, giving a payoff of angle.However, in practice, this rig did not come to a final remaining position so that the period of oscillation could be measured. Instead the torque already present in the twine torsion wire twisted the beam against a chair leg, preventing it from fully coming to a balance of forces.The second experiment had results as followsVariableExplanationUnitsResultsm1.25-101Rad9.0-10-2m1.765kg1.6s2.25-102m3kg-1s-22.419-102The apprize for G calculated by t his experiment was vastly different to Cavendishs value of . This meant the experiment was concluded to be not statistically valid, for a variety of reasons.These experiments were refined and transformed into the final experimental setup.Theoretical entropy exploitation Newtons formula for each of the three experiments which forget be conducted can determine the value for .To do this, the masses and space must be known ahead of time. These can be found below, and copied in the results section.OBJECT muss (kg)Mass of SinkersMass of Cup 1Mass of Cup 2Mass of Bowling PinsUsing Cavendishs above listed value of G, the projected data can be calculated. piling (kg) impel OF GRAVITY (Later, these will be compared with the experimental data.Based on the above accent inquiry, the magnitude of gravity in the system will increase proportional to an increase in the mass of the large masses.Or, as increases, will proportionally increase.This hypothesis has been entertained by the backgrou nd research, which has guided its innovation through empirical data, and researched phenomena.However, because of the precision required to obtain an accurate result, research indicates the final calculated measurement for G will be vastly different from the real value.25.5cm concentrate beam12cm length of fishing line2x sinkers of mass 3.28g2x elastic cups2x bowling pins of mass 1.6kg1x stopwatch1x ruler1x camera1x plastic storage box approx. 70cm x 40cm 1m2 wire meshSafetyBefore the experiment was conducted, a thorough encounter assessment planner was completed and approved. Measures were taken to ensure no ill-use came to experimenter through heavy masses falling or water causation a slipping hazard.These measures includedConstant supervisionCorrect and divert use of safety equipment, which in this experiment meant wearing a laboratory coat throughoutSafe handling of heavy masses and water.A risk assessment matrix provided by the Department of Education (2017) was also co mpleted.LikelihoodConsequenceInsignificantMinorModerateMajor littleAlmost CertainMediumMediumHigh naturalExtremeLikely downheartedMediumHighHighExtreme viable unhopefulMediumHighHighHighUnpotentialLowLowMediumMediumHighRareLowLowLowLowMediumThe likelihood of injury was unlikely, as experimenter has previous experience. The consequence was also minor, indicating injuries not requiring medical attention (i.e. bruises, minor cuts). Therefore, the good risk was low, which indicates no further control measures need be impute into place. However, in due diligence the above measures were pacify implemented.ProcedureFirstly, to spring air flow a major disturbance in the precedent trials, the system was constructed inside a large plastic storage container. This container was placed a distance away from walls, to reduce the effects of other gravity sources.Then, two sinkers, whose masses were known, were attached to either end of a support beam, which was hung from the top of the box by a length of fishing line. This was suspended by the wire mesh atop the box.The fishing line was chosen as twine had been used in preliminary trials as the torsion wire, and had been shown to not be effective due to the latent torque.After let the system come to a complete residuum, it was disturbed by gently pushing one end of the support beam. The period of oscillation was measured by a stopwatch. To further reduce misrepresentation of data, six measurements were taken and averaged.The system was indeed allowed to come to rest again, and a measurement of the rest position taken by a camera from above. This would eliminate the need to reach into the box to take measurements and thus disturb the experiment. It also provided clearer results.Then, the two cups were introduced to the system 6.25cm away from the end of the support beam, at opposing sides and ends, so the attractive forces of the masses rotated the beam. The cups were initially filled with 250g of water, then 500g, t hen the cups were swapped with the 1.6kg bowling pins.Each iteration of the experiment, when the system came to rest for a third time, a measurement of the final rest position was taken using the camera.This data was recorded and processed by comparing photographs of the different rest positions and calculating angle of deflection. The results were then tabulated.Images of the experimental setup.MassOBJECTMASS (kg)Mass of SinkersMass of Cup 1Mass of Cup 2Mass of Bowling PinsPeriod of OscillationTEST NUMBER check (s)120222321421521621Avg.21 correspondence PositionTEST NUMBERMASSES USEDANGLE OF parenthesis (Rad)1No mass used0.002Cup 19.653Cup 23.314Bowling Pins1.00OTHER infoVariableExplanationUnitsResultsm0.0625m0.255Magnitude of GravityUsing Newtons formula for each of the three experiments will determine the value for .Firstly, the value for G for each equation must be calculated.MASS (kg) take to be OF G (Now the force for gravity can be calculated.MASS (kg)FORCE OF GRAVITY (find ingsThe experiment shows that using Cavendishs method to determine the value for G was flawed, but that the experiment could have obtained an accurate value for G.These flaws will be examined below, but a basic rundown and description of data obtained will be apt(p) here.Magnitude of GravityAs can be seen by the graph at the end of the results section, the magnitudes of gravity measured do not accurately match the abstractive data obtained.These determine, and the values for G, are vastly different to that originally measured by Cavendish (found in background research), likely because of the various(a) flaws in the experimental design, which will be discussed in the Evaluation section.However, the results far more accurately correlate to the theoretical values than those in previous experiments, and the average contractlines do indicate that the trend matches that predicted.At 250g, the first mass, the experimental data differs wildly from the theoretical.Experimental entropyT heoretical DataAt 500g, the second mass, it drastically spikes, much higher than either of the other points.Experimental DataTheoretical DataAt 1600g, the final point, the data dips down lower than anticipate again.Experimental DataTheoretical DataIts unclear from the background research conducted whether Cavendishs data deviated so much, but he also had a larger rig, which as discussed below, whitethorn have helped his experiments accuracy.Period of OscillationThe average period measured was 21 seconds, which is far shorter than the fifteen minutes measured by Cavendish. This is probably mostly due to the shorter beam, the effect of which can be seen with the torsion coefficient formula derived from the background research.The squared length of the beam demonstrates an exponential relationship between the torsion coefficient, an increase in which will decrease the period, which can be seen in the following formula for period of oscillationRecording EquipmentThe equipment used to measure the period of oscillation may not have changed in the two hundred years since Cavendishs original experiment, however all other written text equipment did. A camera and digital analysis was used to take measurements, which may have causes slight issues with the orientation of frames in the software, but overall was more accurate than taking the measurements by hand when compared to the preliminary tests when this was done.The lengths were taken with a tape, and so were only calculated to two decimal places. However, this will likely not impact greatly on the results of the experiment, which can be shown mathematically.Using the same formula as above, and two length measurements as given below, the difference can be theorised.cmValue for kK (2 decimal places)Length 1 (two decimal places) (given by experiment)6.252.354972.35Length 2 (six decimal places)6.2478322.353342.35Limitations RecommendationsThere are several reasons for why the value for G determined by this exper iment differed so greatly from Cavendishs value, and these expose various flaws and strengths in the original design. They will be examined each using the following methodNameExplanation of FlawEffectsComparison to Preliminary TrialsComparison to Cavendish ExperimentRecommendation/RefinementMeasuring InaccuraciesVarious opportunities for erroneousness arose when observing and recording data in the experiment. Most of these examples, such as misreporting the period of oscillation by a fraction, would have a m estimable Issues in Patient Information Case StudyEthical Issues in Patient Information Case StudyPeeking in the EMR for all the justifiedly reasonsPatrick BobstTechnology has embedded itself into mundane brio and is integrated into everyday human activity. Corporate scandals, violations of intellectual property rights, and violations of customer, long-suffering, employee hiding is uncovering contend dilemmas and honourable decision-making in every the industry around th e globe. Technological advancements not only increase the impact of carelessness, foolishness, recklessness and even malevolence but also enable anyone with access to learn much more and much faster than ever before(Curtain, 2005). Ethics enables individuals with the guidance of rational flackes to fuck off the right justifiable decision. Ethical choices distinguished from other choices include the continual bout of fundamental values, as well as incorporating scientific inquiry that may be influential but cannot provide answers(Curtain, 2005). Most notably, ethical choices involve placing one value above another, and because values are of the utmost importance, any decision reached will have profound, multiple and often on expect impact on human concern(Curtain, 2005).Case studyJessica Parker is a breastfeed that has the burdening task to solely support her three small children and is in unholy financial distress since her divorce. Her ex-wife, Frank Parker has evaded court uniform child support obligations for over a year and has been able to evade authorities with no known address or phone number. Jessicas house is roughly to be foreclosed upon, and her automobile repossessed. Although Jessica periodically picks up extra shifts, utilizes friends instead of childcare, and despite making multiple drastic cuts to her budget, she is unable to overcome the perils of increasing debt. star day a friend that informs her that Frank Parker received stitches in her indispensableness department after a minor motor vehicle calamity (MVA). The next day she worked Jessica looked up her ex-husband in the EMR and proceeded to gather his needed contact information. Jessica immediately passes along the phone number, accompaniment address and appointment information to her attorney which in construction succeeded in the actions of court arranged child support payments being automatically garnished from his wages along with a judgment for past due child support in an step that will stabilize her current debt.Ethical dilemmaWhen a brace chooses the responsibilities of being a parent, it is a commitment for life whether they are living together or separately. Jessica is in a stressful environment where she holds the cargo hold of the children and the other parent is legally obligated to provide financial support to ensure a safe and healthy environment for the children. Jessica is clearly assay financially and the situation will continue to worsen without the court ordered child support from ex-husband. She solved the dilemma of finding her ex-husbands whereabouts by utilizing the hospitals EMR. By utilizing the EMR in an in reserve manner, Jessica violated multiple alimentation of the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of morality including provision 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. These provisions undertake the forbearing ofs right to loneliness, the duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information, and the protection of partic ipants in research(Nursing World website, 2011). A breach of the Health insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) may have been committed under the privacy rule where patients have a right to expect privacy protections that decide the use and disclosure of their health information(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012, p. 173). However, the privacy rule permits illegitimate disclosures of protected health information to sedanlic health authorities for condition public health activities including. child abuse or neglect(Lee Gostin, 2009, p. 82). viable AlternativesAt the point when Jessica suspected her husband great power have been in the EMR system, an alternate path might be (1) hiring a private investigator. The ex-husbands MVA is a matter of police public record and private investigators are learn and have the resources to find information in ways others might not think about (2) contact the local child support enforcement post with the information of the MVA (3) contact her attorney for a medical record subpoena. mull over Ethical ArgumentsIn this scenario, Jessica showed a clear breach to hospital policy, statutory and common-law duties of confidentiality and privacy. However, Jessicas goods were dealing with the resolution of what is right and ravish in her own situation creating the dilemma of what is chastely right and not looking at the evidence that indicates that she is also morally wrong. Depending on the area and point of view, the term value can have different meanings. Jessicas objective moral values may include justice, freedom and welfare, which might be her basis for decision-making. The welfarism normative ethical approach applies to Jessica situation where moral philosophy is viewed and centrally concerned with the welfare or well-being of individuals, and where advancing the crush interests of individuals makes the most fundamental sense(Keller, 2009). The ethical theoretical Principlistic approach validates itself with its universally know moral principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice(Bulger, 2009). Autonomy considers the right of the individual to choose for themselves, nonmaleficence asserts an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally, beneficence refers to actions performed that contribution to the welfare of others, and justice refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to a person(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). Principlism is a unified moral approach in which the addition of each monger strengthens the legitimacy of each of the other principles to the extent that each principal is undertake and balanced using independent criteria and yet each principal still supports each of the other principles(Bulger, 2009, p. 121). In Jessicas scenario she might consider that it is generally morally right to obtain her ex-husbands contact information in the EMR because this action obeys the role moral rule what is due or owed which in t urn is derived from the principal justice. The crux of the dilemma lies within Jessicas responsibility of providing her family a safe and healthy environment with financial stability, her utilization of the hospitals EMR balanced with her ex-husbands medical record confidentiality rights.Investigate, Compare, and Evaluate Alternatives to himIn Jessicas case, there is no ambiguity in our nursing code of ethics when it comes to maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality. All the alternative methods provided to pursue the coveted contact information are the only acceptable legal pathways. These alternative methods safeguard patient rights, do not violate policy and laws, do not result in bad consequences, nor do they nullify rules and regulations. Each alternative provides expected outcomes that far exceed the risk of harm that include civil liability, line loss, disciplinary action by state licensing boards, and even criminal investigations and sanctions(Hader Brown, 2010, p. 2 70). chosen alternativeSimply from a financial standpoint the alternative chosen for Jessica would be to contact the local child support services agency. Hiring a private investigator or attorney can be address prohibitive especially with her financial difficulties.ConclusionFrom nursing school until retirement, nurses are taught there is no leeway when it comes to HIPAAs integrity and confidentiality of patient information. A problem with ethics is the logic of argument being used in moral deliberation and moral justification(Reidl, Wagner, Rauhala, 2005). Jessicas deliberation of moral reasoning resorted from weighting only the positive self-fulfilling gain and omitted possible alternatives in her morally perplexing situation as well as her personal reasons in moral justification. Principlists consider principles to be at the heart of moral life negotiating between the four fundamental principles and the unique nature of specific moral situations on the other(McCarthy, 2003). W ith the technological advancements in todays society the ethical questions evolve around how individuals choose to use or abuse their tools. healthcare informatics intersects healthcare, ethics and informatics and all practitioners, for the publics good, must be bound by additional ethical, moral, and legal responsibilities (Curtain, 2005). Barrie Effy (2008), conclude in their study that ethical education in information technology changed attitudes and help students in affective learning, an important and necessary component in the overall learning process(Barrie Effy, 2008).ReferencesBarrie, L., Effy, O. (2008). Ethical issues in information technology Does education make a difference. Inter field Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 4(2), 67-83. http//dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2008040106Bulger, J. W. (2009). An approach towards applying principlism. Ethics Medicine, 25, 125-125.Curtain, L. L. (2005). Ethics in informatics. Nursing Administration Qua rterly, 29, 349-352. http//dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006216-200510000-00010Hader, A., Brown, E. (2010). Patient privacy and social media. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 78, 270-274. Retrieved from http//www.aana.com/newsandjournal/Documents/legbrfs_0810_p270-274.pdfKeller, S. (2009). Welfarism. Philosophy Compass, 4(1), 82-95. http//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00196.xLee, L., Gostin, L. (2009). Ethical collection, storage, and use of public health data A proposal for a national privacy protection. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(1), 82-84. http//dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.958McCarthy, J. (2003). Principlism or narrative ethics must we choose between them? Medical Humanities, 29(2), 65-71. http//dx.doi.org/10.1136/mh.29.2.65McGonigle, D., Mastrian, K. G. (2012). Nursing informatics and the substructure of knowledge (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA Jones and Bartlett.Nursing World website. (2011). http//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Ethics Standards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdfReidl, C., Wagner, I., Rauhala, M. (2005). Examining ethical issues of IT in healthcare. Retrieved from http//www.sfu.ca/act4hlth/pub/working/Ethical-Issues.pdf