HIV & progres

Although progress has been in treating human immunodeficiency virus transmittal system and aid, the epidemic remains a critical populace health issue in all communities crossways the country and around the world. Prevention, early detection, and ongoing preaching remain important aspects of care for hoi polloi with human immunodeficiency virus infections and support.Nurses in all settings encounter passel with this illness thus, nurses indigence an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assess handst and clinical management skills to turn in optimal care for flock with human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years after the start-off fibres of AIDS were describe, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve the first antiretroviral agent in 1988nthe first randomize controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents.Improved give-and-take of human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS has resulted in increased extract propagation in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates miss 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.This paper endeavor toa) describe the modes of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection.b) describe the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection.c) explain the physiology underlying the clinical manifestations of HIV infection.d) disclose the management of patients with HIV infection.e) Discuss the interventions appropriate for patients with HIV infection and AIDS.I. IntroductionSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized to a greater extent than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with re cognition of expedient infirmity processes, more(prenominal) effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in create highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan &Holmes, 1999).Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay EIA, formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ALISHA, became on tap(predicate) in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection earlier onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease and most befittingly managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).II. BackgroundA. EpidemiologyIn fall 1982, the Centers for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case description of AIDS after the first 100 cases were inform. Since then, the CDC has rewrite the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Co lumbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the coupled States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000).Starting in the new 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case account in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who chip in not developed AIDS.As of December 2001, there were 816,149 inform cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) vivification with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection do drugs use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men 24% in injection drug use and 7% in heterosexual contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the collar largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people sustenance with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), calcium (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other(a) parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people new infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, apex & Hoffman, 2001). UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most annihilative disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood worn-out from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003).Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).